Climate change will increase the likelihood of adverse events such as droughts, forest fires, and intensification of tropical cyclones, which are known to cause flooding (IPCC, 2014). The effects of these events are a cause of concern for both authorities and citizens, so they prioritize actions that reduce adverse impacts, especially in cities with higher risk. Therefore, the objective of this work was to measure the degree of socio-environmental vulnerability of households to identify the risk areas in the city of La Paz, Baja California Sur, one of the regions with a high degree of incidence of hurricanes in the northwest of Mexico. For this, surveys were carried out with heads of households in 251 homes, and information was aggregated to calculate the vulnerability index through principal components analysis (PCA), which were stratified by the Dalenius-Hodges method, the degree of vulnerability was classified into three categories by the Opiyo method, considering three strata of the Likert scale, 1 = highly vulnerable, 2 = moderately vulnerable, 3 = less vulnerable. The results showed that households that are in the highly vulnerable category are 33% within a range of the index −3.77243 to −0.939141. Moderately vulnerable households constitute 36% with values from −0.929141 to 0.956385. While the least vulnerable represent 31% of households with an index range of 0.966385 to 5.6952. The results have revealed the levels of high and moderate socio-environmental vulnerability by tropical cyclones of 69% homes in La Paz. The above allowed to generate risk maps that will be taken into account in planning and civil protection over adverse events.Sustainability 2020, 12, 1575 2 of 11 depends on the differences between susceptibility, which includes exposure and sensitivity, and on the other hand, the ability to cope with or recover from the damage caused, which is known as resilience.One of the vulnerabilities due to heavy rainfall related to cyclones and rainfall is the large number of people in urban areas exposed to episodes of flooding, especially in informal settlements. It is estimated that about 600 million people by the year 2100 will be prone to hurricane impacts [2] and it is considered that the greatest effects of climate change will occur in coastal areas, as the average sea level will have increased by 38 cm from 1990 to 2080, the number of people susceptible to flooding in low-lying areas will increase five times [3].The destructive potential of tropical cyclones (TC) has increased markedly since the 1970s. According to Emanuel Kerry [4], the power dissipation of TC is highly correlated with the sea surface temperature, muti-decadal oscillations and global warming. The risk and exposure to natural disasters will be significantly increased if we consider the increase in the population that lives in coastal areas and the increase in the destructive potential of the TCs in both the North Pacific Ocean and the North Atlantic. In the case of Mexico, during the last three decades, both exposure factors and v...
ResumenEl objetivo de esta investigación es estimar montos diferenciados para los permisos de pesca deportiva en México mediante métodos propuestos por la economía ambiental, específicamente costo de viaje. El estudio se realiza en Baja California Sur, que es el estado que más permisos de pesca deportiva emitió en 2012 (90,296), particularmente en Los Cabos, ya que es el destino de pesca deportiva por excelencia en esta entidad. Se utilizaron modelos de conteo Poisson y binomiales negativos para estimar el monto del permiso diario, semanal, mensual y anual. El monto estimado para el permiso diario es de 40.60 USD, y para el permiso semanal, mensual y anual se estimaron montos que oscilan entre los 54.055 y 54.493 USD. El estudio propone dos escenarios de tarifas para permisos de pesca deportiva OP1 y OP2, los cuales podrían recaudar 4,788 y 4,789 millones de dólares respectivamente. Palabras clave: Economía ambiental, valoración económica, costo de viaje, permisos, pesca deportiva. Clasificación jel: H41, Q26, Q50 AbstRActThe aim of our research is to estimate different fees for sport fishing permits in Mexico using methods proposed by environmental economics, specifically travel costs. The study was conducted in Southern Baja California, the state which issued the most sport fishing permits in 2012, with 90,296. Los Cabos is the state's leading sport fishing destination. Count models, Poisson and negative binomial, where used to estimate the amounts of daily, weekly, monthly, and annual sport fishing fees. The estimated fee for a daily permit is 40.60 USD, and estimates for weekly, monthly, and annual permits range between 54.055 and 54.493 USD. The study proposes two scenarios for sport fishing permit fees, OP1 and OP2, which could raise 4.788 and 4.789 million dollars respectively.
La pesca de pequeña escala es relevante. Sin embargo, aspectos como la sobrepesca, el crecimiento de la población humana, el estado de los stocks, influyen en la adopción de estrategias de diversificación económica por los pescadores. Este artículo investiga cómo evoluciona este proceso, identificando éxitos y desafíos, y sus contribuciones en los ODS de la Agenda 2030. Se realizó una revisión de alcance y análisis crítico de publicaciones del 2017 al 2022. Se encontró que el proceso de diversificación se gesta a nivel mundial, independientemente de las disimilitudes entre flotas. La diversificación muestra dos vías principales de evolución: en las actividades pesqueras y en actividades no pesqueras de acuerdo al patrimonio de cada región, destacando actividades turísticas, servicios de transporte, alimentos y acuicultura. La política pública, la capacitación y la integración del conocimiento académico se identifican como elementos de éxito, mientras que el control del mercado por mayoristas, sistemas de cuotas y una débil gobernanza destacan como desafíos. Se reconocen aportes importantes en seguridad alimentaria, reducción de pobreza y empleos dignos. No hay evidencia concluyente de sus impactos en ecosistemas sanos.
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