The visual search strategies employed by gymnastic coaches with different levels of expertise were investigated. Expert (n=3) and novice coaches (n=3) watched 9 video sequences of 3 gymnastic techniques and were required to highlight errors in performance. Visual search patterns were monitored by an ASL-5000SE eye-tracking system during observation. Expert participants showed longer and fewer visual fixations than the novice group.
Experienced athletes in sports with moving objects have shown greater skill when using visual information to anticipate the direction of a moving object than nonexperienced athletes of those sports. Studies have shown that expert athletes are more effective than novices in occlusion situations in the first stages of the sports sequence. In this study, 12 athletes with different competitive experience in sports with moving objects viewed a sequence of tennis ball launches with and without visual occlusion, launched by a ball-shooting machine toward different areas with respect to the participant's position. The relation among visual behavior, occlusion time, and the precision of the task is reviewed. The spot where the balls bounced was analysed by a digital camera and visual behavior by an Eye Tracking System. Analysis showed that the nonexperienced athletes made significantly more errors and were more variable in visual occlusion conditions. Participants had a stable visual search strategy.
The aim of this study consists of the application of an experimental protocol that allows information to be obtained about the visual search strategies elaborated by swimming coaches. 16 swimming coaches participated. The Experienced group (n=8) had 16.1 yr. (SD=8.2) of coaching experience and at least five years of experience in underwater vision. The Nonexperienced group in underwater vision (n= 8) had 4.2 yr. (SD= 4.0) of coaching experience. Participants were tested in a laboratory environment using a video-projected sample of the crawl stroke of an elite swimmer. This work discusses the main areas of the swimmer's body used by coaches to identify and analyse errors in technique from overhead and underwater perspectives. In front-underwater videos, body roll and mid-water were the locations of the display with higher percentages of fixation time. In the side-underwater slow videos, the upper body was the location with higher percentages of visual fixation time and was used to detect the low elbow fault. Side-overhead takes were not the best perspectives to pick up information directly about performance of the arms; coaches attended to the head as a reference for their visual search. The observation and technical analysis of the hands and arms were facilitated by an underwater perspective. Visual fixation on the elbow served as a reference to identify errors in the upper body. The side-underwater perspective may be an adequate way to identify correct knee angles in leg kicking and the alignment of a swimmer's body and leg actions.
RESUMENEl estudio analiza el comportamiento visual de 8 árbitros de fútbol durante la percepción del fuera de juego en laboratorio. La tarea consiste en percibir una secuencia de 24 ensayos en una pantalla (5x3m), donde se proyectan situaciones reducidas de juego y que concluyen con una posible acción de fuera de juego. Los participantes deben percibir la secuencia con el ASL Eye Tracking SE5000, y pulsar un puntero laser hacia la pantalla en aquellos ensayos con fuera de juego. Las variables a manipular son la distancia y el ángulo con que se perciben las acciones de fuera de juego. Las variables dependientes son el número y tiempo (media) de fijaciones visuales y el porcentaje de acierto. Los resultados muestran que la distancia y ángulo influyen en el comportamiento visual de los árbitros. Además, son más eficaces detectando el fuera de juego con ángulos pequeños y en distancias cercanas y medias.
Resumen: El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar las estrategias de búsqueda visual desarrolladas por un grupo de conductores expertos (n=5) y otro inexperto (n=5) en una situación simulada de conducción en laboratorio. El registro de los movimientos oculares se hace a través del sistema de seguimiento de la mirada ASL SE5000 y se analizan el número, tiempo y localización de las fijaciones visuales. Los conductores observaron una secuencia de fotogramas específicos de conducción, para emitir seguidamente una respuesta verbal tras cada ensayo. Los resultados muestran que el grupo de conductores expertos e inexpertos elaboran diferentes estrategias de búsqueda visual. Estas diferencias se encuentran en un mayor tiempo de fijación del grupo de conductores experto cuando no se tiene en cuenta la localización de la fijación visual. También presenta un mayor número y tiempo de fijación en estímulos relevantes para la conducción (señales verticales y vehículos) con respecto al grupo inexperto. En cambio, este último grupo presenta un número y tiempo de fijaciones superior en localizaciones poco relevantes para la conducción. No existen diferencias entre grupos de conductores en la precisión de sus respuestas verbales, y tampoco una relación entre las variables perceptivas y la precisión de sus respuestas. Palabras clave: Estrategias búsqueda visual; experiencia; conducción.Title: Visual search strategies in expert and novice drivers during the perception of driving scenes. Abstract: The aim of this study is to analyze the visual search strategies of expert (n=5) and inexperienced drivers (n=5) during a simulated task of driving in laboratory. The ocular movements are recorded with an ASL SE5000 eye tracking system; and the number, time and location of these fixations are analyzed too. The drivers observed a sequence of specific frames of driving, and then they had to respond with a verbal respond after each trial. The results show that the expert and inexperienced group develop different visual search strategies. These differences are the higher time of fixation, independently of location fixation; and even the higher number and time of fixation on relevant stimuli during the driving (vertical signs and vehicles) in the expert group against to other group. Instead, the inexperienced group shows higher number and time on irrelevant stimuli during the driving. There are no differences between groups of drivers on the accuracy of their verbal response, and neither there is any relation between perceptual variables and the accuracy of their responses. Key words: visual search strategies; experience; driving. IntroducciónEn el ámbito de la seguridad vial, han sido numerosos los temas de estudio que han tratado de averiguar qué variables influyen en el rendimiento de la tarea de conducción y en la prevención de accidentes de tráfico. Algunas de las variables analizadas han sido la fatiga, el sueño durante la conducción, la exploración de las diferencias individuales entre sexos o edades de los conductores, la evaluación...
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