Arsenic (As) is one of the highly toxic metalloids distributed ubiquitously in nature. Two inorganic forms of As are present abundantly: arsenite (As

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This study was undertaken to scrutinize efficacy of salicylic acid (SA) and/or sodium nitroprusside [SNP, source of nitric oxide (NO)] to mitigate injury symptoms of saline stress in L. Exposure to sodium chloride (NaCl) was found to be injurious to germinating. L. (var. Shubhra IM-9101) and a direct correlation between severity of toxicity and NaCl-concentrations could be discernible. Both SA and NO serves as signal molecules in plant stress responses, and play crucial roles in key regulatory pathways of growth, development and metabolism. The limiting effects of salinity on radicle length and biomass accumulation were considerably released by SA and/or SNP and among which their combined application was found to be the most promising. Supplemented SA and/or SNP, particularly their cocktail, resulted in a substantial decline in reactive oxygen species accumulation, which later caused reduced accumulations of malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and protein carbonyl, in NaCl subjected germinating. L. seeds. SA and/or SNP had significant inducing effects on activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase. Additionally, exogenous SA and/or SNP led to the higher proline, sugar and glycinebetaine contents, than that of the control. On the basis of accumulated results, it could be concluded that the cocktail of SA and SNP may be efficiently used to overcome the adverse signatures of salinity stress.

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Proline, 24-epibrassinolide and diphenylene iodonium are few of the novel antioxidant molecules, involved in growth regulation and abiotic stress tolerance of plants. However, these are scarcely explored in relation to their role in arsenic stress tolerance. Therefore, present study was designed to investigate the involvement of proline, 24-epibrassinolide and diphenylene iodonium in conferring tolerance to

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Protein extraction for two-dimensional electrophoresis from tissues of recalcitrant species is quite problematic and challenging due to the low protein content and high abundance of contaminants. Proteomics in Shorea robusta is scarcely conducted due to the lack of a suitable protein preparation procedure. To establish an effective protein extraction protocol suitable for two-dimensional electrophoresis in Shorea robusta, four procedures (borate buffer/trichloroacetic acid extraction, organic solvent/trichloroacetic acid precipitation, sucrose/Tris/phenol, and organic solvent/phenol/sodium dodecyl sulfate) were evaluated. Following these, proteins were isolated from mature leaves and were analyzed for proteomics, and also for potential contaminants, widely reported to hinder proteomics. The borate buffer/trichloroacetic acid extraction had the lowest protein yield and did not result in any banding even in one-dimensional electrophoresis. In contrast, organic solvent/phenol/sodium dodecyl sulfate extraction allowed the highest protein yield. Moreover, during proteomics, organic solvent/phenol/sodium dodecyl sulfate extracted protein resolved the maximum number (144) of spots. Further, when proteins were evaluated for contaminants, significant (77-95%) reductions in the nucleic acids, phenol, and sugars were discernible with refinement in extraction procedure. Accumulated data suggested that the organic solvent/phenol/sodium dodecyl sulfate extraction was the most effective protocol for protein isolation for proteomics of Shorea robusta and can be used for plants that have a similar set of contaminants.