Nanoporous composite films of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and polyaniline (PAn) were grown electrochemically from acidic aqueous solutions, such that the constituents were deposited simultaneously onto graphite electrodes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the composite films consisted of nanoporous networks of MWNTs coated with PAn. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) demonstrated that these composite films had similar electrochemical response rates to pure PAn films, but a lower resistance and much improved mechanical integrity. The specific electrochemical capacitance of the composite films, per unit area of the original electrode, reached as high as 3.5 F cm 22 , a significantly greater value than that of 2.3 F cm 22 for pure PAn films prepared similarly.

The introduction of high-pressure common-rail fuel injection systems for diesel engines has given much greater electronic control over the patterns of fuel injection. Fuel delivery per cycle can be split into several small injections. The effect of the number, proportionate size and timing of these on work output per cycle and cycle-by-cycle variability under cold-start conditions has been investigated experimentally. High work output and low variability are consistent with short repeatable start times. Fuel per cycle has been delivered in one, two, or three injections. The injection timing and quantity of each part were varied. Cold tests were carried out at an engine soak temperature of −10 °C and engine speed was motored up to 300 r/min before enabling fuelling. The average gross indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) of the first five fuelled engine cycles was recorded as the prime measure of quality. Splitting the injection into two parts maximizes the IMEP produced on firing cycles; a three-part split confers no additional advantage. The timing and separation of the injections strongly influence the probability that non-firing cycles occur and in turn this strongly influences average IMEP values.

A fuel-injection internal combustion engine system is considered, wherein supply of fuel to the engine is controlled with the twin purposes of maximizing power output and minimizing fuel wastage. The system is modelled as a controlled Markov chain and a feedback optimal control policy is obtained for the long-run average reward optimality criterion using Markov decision theory. Keywords. Dynamic programming/optimal control; infinite state Markov chain; long run average reward: optimal policy; fuel injection control in IC engines.

India is a country of great tradition, where social customs and norms exert a firm grip over the behavioral patterns of individuals. Women constitute one of the most important and dynamic but deprived and long neglected sections of the Indian society. For the present study Prayagraj district is selected by purposive sampling because the participation of women in agriculture is comparatively more than the other districts of Uttar Pradesh. There are 20 blocks in the selected district out of that, Kaudihaar block is selected by purposive sampling because maximum numbers of women are engaged in agriculture. One hundred twenty farmers were selected from 8 villages. Data were collected by using pre-tested schedule and analyzed using appropriate statistical tools. Lacks of family support, lack of knowledge, dominance of male members in the family are the constraints faced by farm women. Farm women faced major constraints in decision making process about various agriculture related activities were: social/cultural norms and lack of self confidence in decision. Empowerment of women in developing countries like India will lead the nation to a breaking issue of humanist thinking for globalization. The major suggestions offered by farm women to overcome the constraints were more technical guidance regarding scientific farming should be given to farm women and training should be imparted at village level.