Introduction: Several epidemiological studies have evaluated the role of illicit drug use in suicide behaviour. Aim: To assess patients with opioid use disorder and suicidal intent related to behavior, severity of acute poisoning and the most commonly used non-opioid substances. Materials and methods: This cross sectional study included 67 patients diagnosed with opioid use disorder. The study was conducted at the University Clinic of Toxicology in Skopje over a 5-year period (2013-2017). The following variables were examined: gender, age, duration and route of opioid administration, duration of hospitalization, and types of substances used in acute poisoning. Assessment of patients’ behavior and severity of poisoning was made by using the Suicide Behaviours Questionnaire-Revised and the Poison severity score. Results: The majority of patients were male (88.1%). The mean age of patients was 30±6.1 years. The average duration of opioid use disorder was 8.5±3.9. A single poisoning was found in 62.7%, double poisoning in 25.4%, and triple poisoning in 11.9% of participants. Benzodiazepines were most commonly used by the patients (55.2%). The largest number of patients (32.8%) had minor Poison severity score (PSS), and only 17.9% had severe PSS. None of the patients had a fatal suicide attempt. 86.6% of patients had a score of ≥7 indicating a high risk of repeat suicide attempts. Conclusion: Benzodiazepines were most commonly used as a single or combined substance in patients with opioid use disorder. PSS indicated that most of the participants were with minor PSS and with high risk of a repeat suicide attempt.
AIM:The aim of this study was to analyze the use of benzodiazepines in the period of 2003-2013 year in the Republic of Macedonia (MKD).METHOD:The study was cross sectional and analyzes the available data on the use of benzodiazepines in the country. This study used several sources of data: Statistical Reports of the United Nations regarding the consumption of psychotropic substances; data from the Ministry of Health associated with the use of benzodiazepines (BZD), derived from reports of Ministry of Health stakeholders; Data extracted from the database of the Ministry of Health in the electronic database “My term” and Analysis of reports of Health Insurance Fund.RESULTS:The analysis for the period 2003-2013 showed that the most consumed drug in MKD from the group of BZD is Diazepam, with 54.8 and predominantly is use of diazepam of 5 mg with 59 %. According to the Health Insurance Fund, Diazepam is second most prescribed medicaments of all medicaments with marketing authorization in MKD.CONCLUSIONS:The analysis shows that the use of BZD in MKD is particularly high. Limited number of studies was performed for this kind of drugs relating to their effects; differences in use between genders; adult population. There is need for additional focused research that will contribute to developing a full picture of the situation.
Background: Work-related stress is becoming one of the key themes for attention because of its serious threats on workers' wellbeing, job dissatisfaction and absenteeism.
Background: Work-related stress is becoming one of the key themes for attention because of its serious threats on workers’ wellbeing, job dissatisfaction and absenteeism.Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the employees' individual differences in the perception of main workplace stressors, perceived job related stress and experienced health consequences.Methods: In a cross-sectional study a sample of 106 employees was surveyed within a private enterprise in Republic of Macedonia.Results: Analysis showed significant differences in experienced stress at work due to age, marital status, number of children, time spend in the current work position and working hours per day. Stressors such as: lack of personal knowledge and skills (60.4%), big pressure for last minute job completion (60.4%) and unstable work position (47.2%) were pointed out the most potential sources for job stress. The majority of employees who always experience health problems as a result of job stress were female (61.9%), on non-managerial position (85.7%), and 5 to 10 years in the current work position (42.9%).Conclusion: Employees are exposed to many potential work related stressors which differently affect their job satisfaction and result in ill health. A better understanding of the individual characteristics and potential stressors should subsequently help managers' better deal with this problem. This underlines the need for further research and design of stress reduction interventions
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