Cereals represent the most important group of crops in the structure of plant production from the economic and agronomic point of view. Cereals are widely consumed and are a valuable sources of delivering components with biological activity to humans. They are one of the most abundant sources of protein and energy and are consumed as bread -a major staple food -in most countries throughout the world. The cultivated hulled wheats emmer, einkorn, and spelt, are among the most ancient Triticeae cultivated in the world and have long represented a staple food. However, the move in recent years toward more natural foods and sustainable agriculture and the rediscovery of ancient foods and flavours have brought renewed interest in these neglected species. Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccon Schrank) is rich in resistant starch, minerals, fibre, carotenoids, antioxidant compounds, and poor in fats; it has been recognized as a very healthy cereal and is recommended in the diet for people suffering from allergies, colitis, diabetes and high blood cholesterol. For these reasons, research activities and selection programs are being conducted to assess the genetic, agronomic, nutritional and technological properties of emmer wheat. The main results of studies and the knowledge acquired about the chemical and nutritional composition (protein content, digestible carbohydrates, dietary fibre, lipids, vitamins, and minerals) are reviewed in this paper.
Keywords: Emmer wheat, nutritional quality, organic farming
In environmental and agronomic settings, even minor imbalances can trigger a range of unpredicted responses. Despite the widespread use of metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) and new bio-nanofertilizers, their impact on crop production is absent in the literature. Therefore, our research is focused on the agronomic effect of spray application of gold nanoparticles anchored to SiO2 mesoporous silica (AuSi-NPs), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), and iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) on sunflowers under real-world environments. Our findings revealed that the biosynthetically prepared AuSi-NPs and ZnO-NPs were highly effective in enhancing sunflower seasonal physiology, e.g., the value of the NDVI index increased from 0.012 to 0.025 after AuSi-NPs application. The distribution of leaf trichomes improved and the grain yield increased from 2.47 t ha−1 to 3.29 t ha−1 after ZnO-NPs application. AuSi-NPs treatment resulted in a higher content of essential linoleic acid (54.37%) when compared to the NPs-free control (51.57%), which had a higher determined oleic acid. No NPs or residual translocated metals were detected in the fully ripe sunflower seeds, except for slightly higher silica content after the AuSi-NPs treatment. Additionally, AuSi-NPs and NPs-free control showed wide insect biodiversity while ZnO-NPs treatment had the lowest value of phosphorus as anti-nutrient. Contradictory but insignificant effect on physiology, yield, and insect biodiversity was observed in Fe3O4-NPs treatment. Therefore, further studies are needed to fully understand the long-term environmental and agricultural sustainability of NPs applications.
The objective of the present work was to evaluate the influence of growing season and variety on quantitative parameters (the total number of stems per m 2 (pcs), the number of productive tillers per square m (pcs), the average length of the stem and spike (cm), the number of fertile spikelets (pcs), the number of grains per spike (pcs), weight of grains per spike (g), the weight of thousand grains (g), the share of glumes (%), harvest index, the theoretical yield (t ha-1) of four emmer wheat varieties (Agnone, Farvento, Guardiaregia, Molise sel Colli) grown under the conditions of organic farming in the south of Slovakia. The experiment was established on Scientific Research Base Dolna Malanta near Nitra during 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 growing seasons. Seven quantitative parameters were significantly influenced by the weather conditions. Tasted varieties showed lower influence on quantitative parameters. Only four out of twelve parameters were influenced by the variety. The best adaptable emmer wheat varieties to growing conditions of the south region of the Slovak Republic were Agnone and Guardiaregia which were characterized by the highest theoretical yield and other parameters. Emmer wheat is suitable, advantageous and profitable crop when cultivated under conditions of organic agriculture from the point of its agronomic characters.
Production parameters (number of productive tillers per m2, stem length, weight of grains per spike, TGW, share of glumes and yield) of four emmer wheat varieties – Agnone, Farvento, Molise sel Colli, Guardiaregia cultivated under the conditions of organic farming system in the south region of the Slovak republic during 2010 – 2011 and 2011 – 2012 growing seasons were evaluated. Weather conditions during experimental years showed higher influence on selected production parameters than tasted varieties. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences between varieties only in parameters: weight of grains per spike and TGW. The average theoretical yield of emmer wheat varieties was 7.09t.ha-1, TGW averaging about 47.67 g, average weight of grains per spike was 1.63 g. The stem length varying from 84.78 cm to 87.65 cm, average share of glumes was 28.16 %. Numbers of productive tillers was averaging about 445 per m2. Generally spoken, emmer wheat varieties are suitable for organic farming from the point of its morphological features.
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