Industrial development has made new products available to people to make their lives easier. Items such as food, cleaning, personal care and health products, among others, are processed, sold and consumed daily by all age groups. These products include in their formulation inorganic and organic chemicals with the purpose of improving or increasing some of their properties, making them more attractive to the consumer. These substances are strictly controlled during production so that the final product may be safely consumed. In most cases, the constituents of commercial products end up in wastewater, where they are not controlled. These uncontrolled pollutants of differing chemical natures are known as “Emerging Contaminants” (ECs). Research worldwide has found ECs in various environmental matrices, especially water. To understand this problem, four fundamental aspects must be addressed: 1) the analytical methods for its determination; 2) the occurrence in environmental matrices; 3) the treatments for the removal of ECs in wastewater and drinking water plants; and 4) the risks to health and the environment. This document reviews these four aspects with regard to 14 ECs commonly found in the studies around the world and addresses the state of these ECs in trans-American waters.
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Conocimientos y actitudes hacia la sexualidad y educación sexual en docentes de colegios públicosKnowledge and attitudes toward sexuality and sexual education in public schools teachers
En las últimas décadas, la aplicación de líquidos iónicos (LI) como pretratamiento de la biomasa (BM) residual previo a la reacción de hidrólisis, ha demostrado ser un sistema eficiente para mejorar los rendimientos hacia la obtención de monosacáridos. Una mayor recuperación de monosacáridos, se traduce en un mayor rendimiento en la producción de biocombustibles pudiendo volver a esta industria rentable. En este contexto, la presente revisión bibliográfica analiza las características fisicoquímicas, métodos de síntesis, condiciones de disolución con aplicación de variables tales como: relación LI: BM, temperatura y tiempo. Además, se realiza un análisis comparativo de los resultados de procesos de hidrólisis ácida tradicional con respecto a los obtenidos con la aplicación de líquidos iónicos, aumentado en la mayoría de los casos sus rendimientos de reacción. Finalmente, se mencionan algunas técnicas de recuperación y reciclaje, que permitan reducir los costos del proceso, de manera que este sea económicamente rentable.
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