This work evaluated the genotoxic potential of the soluble organic material (SOM) extracted from the particulate matter (PM) emitted by an automotive diesel engine. The engine was modified to operate with a home-made multipoint-port injection system to substitute 10% of ultralow-sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel in energy basis by hydrous ethanol (h-Et) or n-butanol (n-Bu) injected into the manifold during the intake stroke. A low engine load mode named M4 (43 N·m at 2410 min−1) and a medium-load mode M2 (95 N·m at 2410 min−1) were selected from the vehicle homologation cycle. PM was collected with a stainless steel filter located 1.5 m downstream the exhaust manifold. The SOM of the PM was extracted to evaluate the genotoxic activity on human lymphocytes using the comet assay. Results indicated that independently of the mode, the SOM coming from alcohols led more genotoxicity than ULSD, following the order h-Et > n-Bu > ULSD. The low engine load operation exhibited much more deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage than mode M2, especially the PM produced by hydrous ethanol port-injection. Although further research is still necessary, these findings suggest that the biology activity of the SOM coming from alcohols PM could be a barrier for the implementation of alcohol port-injection technology.
To establish differences in the genotoxic effect of particulate matter (PM 10 ) in exposed individuals at two sites in the Valle de Aburrá (VA). This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 2 groups of individuals exposed to 67.7 and 45 µg/m 3 of PM 10 for a minimum of 8 hours/day. The frequency of Chromosomal Abnormalities (CAs) and the mitotic index were evaluated based on blood samples. The data were processed using SPSS version 18.0 and significant differences were established between the groups at p<0.05. One hundred eighteen individuals were evaluated: 56.8% at site 1 and 43.2% at site 2. The study population had an average age of 53 years. Significant differences were found between the numbers of CAs (p = 0.003) detected at the sample sites. Site 1 displayed a higher number of CAs than site 2, likely because site 1 is located in an area of the VA that is more exposed to environmental contamination. Furthermore, this study showed that there is a relationship between the level of particulate matter and an increase in a biomarker for CAs, establishing a possible health risk in this population, especially for those who remain there for long periods of time.
Particulate matter (PM) less than 2.5 um emitted by diesel engines is responsible for the morbidity and mortality associated with air pollution. Alternative fuels have been implemented, but their potential toxic effects are still unknown. The objective of this article is to evaluate the in vitro toxicity of the organic extract of particulate matter emitted by a diesel engine powered by two different fuels. Following cell exposure to fossil diesel + 10% ethanol and fossil diesel extracts, mutagenicity, genotoxicity, and differential gene expression were evaluated. The results showed that the organic extracts of diesel PM + 10% ethanol were more biotoxic (p<0.05). More studies are needed to better understand the health effect of PM emissions from biofuel.
This work evaluated the genotoxic potential of the soluble organic material (SOM) extracted from the particulate matter (PM) emitted by an automotive diesel engine. The engine was modified to operate with a home-made multipoint-port injection system to substitute 10% of ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel in energy basis by hydrous ethanol (h-Et) or n-butanol (n-Bu) injected into the manifold during the intake stroke. A low engine load mode named M4 (43 Nm at 2410 min−1) and a medium-load mode M2 (95 Nm at 2410 min−1) were selected from the vehicle homologation cycle. PM was collected with a stainless steel filter located 1.5 m downstream the exhaust manifold. The SOM of the PM was extracted to evaluate the genotoxic activity on human lymphocytes using the Comet assay. Results indicated that independently of the mode, the SOM coming from alcohols led more genotoxicity than ULSD, following the order h-Et > n-Bu > ULSD. The low engine load operation exhibited much more DNA damage than mode M2, especially the PM produced by hydrous ethanol port-injection. Although further research is still necessary, these findings suggest that the biology activity of the SOM coming from alcohols PM could be a barrier for the implementation of alcohol port-injection technology.
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