Resumen: Ordenar los procesos históricos en las culturas arqueológicas es una labor de gran complejidad cuando carecemos de las fechas en que se enmarcan tales procesos. Esa circunstancia ha representado un hándicap secular que dificulta el conocimiento de los primeros habitantes de Gran Canaria, acentuado por la escasez de referencias cronológicas que permitan comprender la ocupación de un territorio definido por su condición insular. Ello ha provocado la idea de una 'cultura plana' en la que se concitan numerosas expresiones del devenir de estas poblaciones, donde parece que todo existe y permanece, al menos en lo que a sus componentes esenciales se refiere. Con el propósito de superar esta limitación, en este trabajo se aborda el aspecto diacrónico de la práctica funeraria de los antiguos canarios, intentando a la vez su explicación en el marco de los procesos históricos que definen sus vidas. Se evalúan 104 dataciones provenientes de 25 enclaves funerarios repartidos por toda la isla, a partir de la elaboración de un modelo de estadística bayesiana. Los resultados revelan una evidente ordenación del fenómeno funerario, con intervalos de profundas transformaciones en un escenario social cambiante, relacionado con el proceso de ocupación de la isla y la evolución del modelo socioeconómico de este grupo humano. Asimismo, en el debate sobre las fechas de la primera arribada colonizadora, se establece el s. iii d. C. como punto de partida de la ocupación efectiva de la isla. Palabras clave: periodo prehispánico; Gran Canaria; cronología; fechas radiocarbónicas; estadística bayesiana.
The aboriginal population of Gran Canaria show a high frequency of traumatic injuries to the skull compared to other archaeological groups. Their frequent location in the anterior aspect suggests regular face-to-face confrontations. However, the lethal injuries typically occurring in large-scale combat are scarce. Practices such as ritualized combat, mentioned in ethnohistorical sources, would help to channel and mitigate inter-group conflict. The predominance of depressed blunt force trauma is in accordance with the weapons used by those populations: hand-thrown stones, clubs and sticks. The higher frequency in males indicates that they took part in direct violence more than females did. The hierarchical organization of their society may have led to frequent situations of conflict. The insular nature of a territory barely 1,500 m in size was a determining factor in competition for access to food resources, especially at times of climate crises or population growth.
The indigenous population of the Canary Islands, which colonized the archipelago around the 3rd century CE, provides both a window into the past of North Africa and a unique model to explore the effects of insularity. We generate genome-wide data from 40 individuals from the seven islands, dated between the 3rd–16rd centuries CE. Along with components already present in Moroccan Neolithic populations, the Canarian natives show signatures related to Bronze Age expansions in Eurasia and trans-Saharan migrations. The lack of gene flow between islands and constant or decreasing effective population sizes suggest that populations were isolated. While some island populations maintained relatively high genetic diversity, with the only detected bottleneck coinciding with the colonization time, other islands with fewer natural resources show the effects of insularity and isolation. Finally, consistent genetic differentiation between eastern and western islands points to a more complex colonization process than previously thought.
Este trabajo profundiza en la periodización de las prácticas funerarias de los antiguos canarios. Se aportan nuevas fechas y se usa un tratamiento bayesiano de las dataciones para examinar los intervalos de inicio, final y tasa de cambio de las tres categorías sepulcrales definidas: cuevas, túmulos y fosas/cistas. Los cambios en las prácticas funerarias solo pueden ser entendidos en el marco social de referencia, que en el caso grancanario necesita ser repensado. Para probar este planteamiento se testea el periodo vinculado a las fosas y cistas, siglos xi-xv d.C., tratando de reconocer las innovaciones que surgen en esta fase. A la luz de los resultados, las novedades identificadas en el registro arqueológico de este periodo parecen estar promovidas por estímulos foráneos, a partir de la llegada de nueva población norteafricana, que actúan como factor dinamizador del cambio.
In this paper, we perform the first multidisciplinary study of perinatal burials at a pre-Hispanic domestic site in Gran Canaria. For that, we carried out bioanthropological analyses, the genetic determination of the molecular sex of the individuals, and the contextualization of their chronological and cultural affiliations. To date, these remains had been associated to a local re-interpretation of a Phoenician-Punic tophet or as evidence of female infanticide within the mechanisms of demographic control of the ancient Canarians. However, these proposals did not take into account the recurrence of this type of human remains outside the normative cemeteries of the indigenous population or considered the demographic profile of coetaneous necropolises. In the light of the age of death and the molecular sex of the individuals, and the results obtained from the taphonomic and chronological analyses, we propose an alternative historical scenario, directly linked to high perinatal mortality rates and the development of specific burial practices for those individuals that died around the time of birth.
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