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Purpose: To investigate the validity of urine color as a metric of hydration status using CIE L*a*b* color space, as compared to the commonly used subjective 8-point scale. Methods: A total of 151 urine samples were collected from subjects (N=28) in various states of hydration. Urine osmolality and urine specific gravity (USG) were measured in each sample. Urine color was assessed by the subjective 8-point urine color scale and quantified using CIE L*a*b* color space. RESULTS: The correlation between the CIE b*-value and urine osmolality (r s =0.89) was determined to be significantly (p=0.004) greater than the correlation between the subjective 8-point urine color scale and urine osmolality (r s =0.85). The correlation between the CIE b*-value and USG (r s =0.90) was also determined to be significantly (p < 0.001) greater than the correlation between the urine color chart and USG (r s =0.84). Lastly, the correlation between urine color as determined by the 8-point subjective urine color chart and the CIE b*-value had a strong relationship (r s =0.92). Conclusions: The correlations of the quantitative CIE b*-value with urine osmolality and USG were significantly greater than the correlations with the 8-point subjective urine color scale. This suggests that a quantitative measurement of urine color via spectrophotometry is a better measure for assessing hydration status vs. subjective determination of urine color. The results of the current study raise the possibility of spectrophotometry as an additional non-invasive method of determining hydration status.

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RESULTS: Dot blot analyses of exosome-specific proteins (CD9, CD63, and CD81) and TRPS confirmed the presence of isolated exosomes in all samples following SEC elution. Western Blot confirmed the absence of contaminating proteins. Although no differences in exosome concentration were seen following any of the exercise interventions, exosome profiling showed a decrease in exosomes associated with cancer metastasis (MCSP) between pre-(0.029 ± 0.01) and post-intervention (0.017 ± 0.019, p=0.03). The exosome expression of the monocyte and macrophage marker was also reduced from 0.023 ± 0.029 to 0.007 ± 0.019 (p=0.02) post-intervention in all groups. CONCLUSION: This evaluation and validation of methods have shown that exosome isolation, characterization, and profiling can be achieved with minimal volume. Funded by NIH R21AG058181.