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Monitoring phenolic compounds is critical in the environmental, food, and medical sectors. Among many recent advanced detection platforms, laccase-based biosensing platforms gave very rapid, effective, online, and in situ sensing of phenolic compounds. In laccase-based biosensors, laccase immobilization techniques have a vital role. However, a detailing of the advancements in laccase immobilization techniques employed in laccase-based biosensors is lacking in the literature. Thus, in this review, we assessed how the nano-immobilization techniques shaped the laccase biosensing platforms. We discussed novel developments in laccase immobilization techniques such as entrapment, adsorption, cross-linking, and covalent over new nanocomposites in laccase biosensors. We made a comprehensive assessment based on the current literature for future perspectives of nano-immobilized laccase biosensors. We found the important key areas toward which future laccase biosensor research seems to be heading. These include 1. A focus on the development of multi-layer laccase over electrode surface, 2. The need to utilize more covalent immobilization routes, as they change the laccase specificity toward phenolic compounds, 3. The advancement in polymeric matrices with electroconductive properties, and 4. novel entrapment techniques like biomineralization using laccase molecules. Thus, in this review, we provided a detailed account of immobilization in laccase biosensors and their feasibility in the future for the development of highly specific laccase biosensors in industrial, medicinal, food, and environmental applications.

the acute problem of eutrophication increasing in the environment is due to the increase of industrial wastewater, synthetic nitrogen, urine, and urea. this pollutes groundwater, soil and creates a danger to aquatic life. therefore, it is advantageous to use these waste materials in the form of urea as fuel to generate power using Microbial fuel cell (Mfc). in this work, we studied the compost soil Mfc(cSMfc) unlike typical Mfc with urea from the compost as fuel and graphite as a functional electrode. the electrochemical techniques such as cyclic Voltammetry, chronoamperometry are used to characterise CSMFC. It is observed that the CSMFC in which the compost consists of urea concertation of 0.5 g/ml produces maximum power. Moreover, iV measurement is carried out using polarization curves in order to study its sustainability and scalability. Bacterial studies were also playing a significant role in power generation. the sustainability study revealed that urea is consumed in cSMfc to generate power. this study confirmed that urea has a profound effect on the power generation from the CSMFC. Our focus is to get power from the soil processes in future by using waste like urine, industrial wastewater, which contains much amount of urea. The rapid increase in power consumption and various environmental issues have compelled the research community to identify new sources of renewable energy. It is pertinent to discover new renewable resources 1,4. In this pursuit, energy storage devices such as fuel cells, which are mostly powered by organic compounds, can be useful tools. Urea Fuel cells available in the liquid state are not sustainable and portable 1. However, in soil-based Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) use natural bacteria or secreted enzymes to break down the fuel, typically to generate electricity from the soil. In MFCs, bacteria and enzymes to act as biocatalysts to produce electricity 1,2. Until now the reported liquid state MFCs associated with safety concerns mainly related to toxicity, shifting, leakage, handling and degrading fastly in the liquid state. Moreover, additional precautions are needed to prevent exposure to gaseous NH 3 due to volatilisation of the liquid fuel. Therefore, the solid-state materials like soil compost are preferred to overcome the risk, as mentioned above for stable behaviour. Among element of urine, urea is a suitable fuel for MFCs. It is an advantage for the soil-based system to go through the natural processes by following nitrification and denitrification in the nitrogen cycle by ammonification to nitrogen (N 2) formation in soil 3. The soil itself is a source of many bacteria and microorganisms in aerobic and anaerobic forms 4-8. Urea and ammonium are sources of nitrogen, and the density of urea is higher as compared to other nitrogen sources 2,3,9. Urea when comes in contact with the soil while hydrolysis releases urease enzymes working as a catalyst with bacteria. Therefore, soil systems can be a neutral medium to transport electrons and protons easily in an eco-friendly medium fo...

Memristive systems can provide a novel strategy to conquer the von Neumann bottleneck by evaluating information where data are located in situ. To meet the rising of artificial neural network (ANN) demand, the implementation of memristor arrays capable of performing matrix multiplication requires highly reproducible devices with low variability and high reliability. Hence, we present an Ag/CuO/SiO2/p-Si heterostructure device that exhibits both resistive switching (RS) and negative differential resistance (NDR). The memristor device was fabricated on p-Si and Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) substrates via cost-effective ultra-spray pyrolysis (USP) method. The quality of CuO nanoparticles was recognized by studying Raman spectroscopy. The topology information was obtained by scanning electron microscopy. The resistive switching and negative differential resistance were measured from current–voltage characteristics. The results were then compared with the Ag/CuO/ITO device to understand the role of native oxide. The interface barrier and traps associated with the defects in the native silicon oxide limited the current in the negative cycle. The barrier confined the filament rupture and reduced the reset variability. Reset was primarily influenced by the filament rupture and detrapping in the native oxide that facilitated smooth reset and NDR in the device. The resistive switching originated from traps in the localized states of amorphous CuO. The set process was mainly dominated by the trap-controlled space-charge-limited; this led to a transition into a Poole–Frenkel conduction. This research opens up new possibilities to improve the switching parameters and promote the application of RS along with NDR.

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