Recent Advances in the Development of Laccase-Based Biosensors via Nano-Immobilization Techniques

Abstract

Monitoring phenolic compounds is critical in the environmental, food, and medical sectors. Among many recent advanced detection platforms, laccase-based biosensing platforms gave very rapid, effective, online, and in situ sensing of phenolic compounds. In laccase-based biosensors, laccase immobilization techniques have a vital role. However, a detailing of the advancements in laccase immobilization techniques employed in laccase-based biosensors is lacking in the literature. Thus, in this review, we assessed how the nano-immobilization techniques shaped the laccase biosensing platforms. We discussed novel developments in laccase immobilization techniques such as entrapment, adsorption, cross-linking, and covalent over new nanocomposites in laccase biosensors. We made a comprehensive assessment based on the current literature for future perspectives of nano-immobilized laccase biosensors. We found the important key areas toward which future laccase biosensor research seems to be heading. These include 1. A focus on the development of multi-layer laccase over electrode surface, 2. The need to utilize more covalent immobilization routes, as they change the laccase specificity toward phenolic compounds, 3. The advancement in polymeric matrices with electroconductive properties, and 4. novel entrapment techniques like biomineralization using laccase molecules. Thus, in this review, we provided a detailed account of immobilization in laccase biosensors and their feasibility in the future for the development of highly specific laccase biosensors in industrial, medicinal, food, and environmental applications.

Assessment of the Antioxidant Activity of Catechin in Nutraceuticals: Comparison between a Newly Developed Electrochemical Method and Spectrophotometric Methods

“…The copper atom in the T2 center is coordinated with the two His residues. The T3 center is binuclear and contains two copper atoms, connected by anti-ferromagnetic force [ 69 ].…”

Nanomaterials as Redox Mediators in Laccase-Based Amperometric Biosensors for Catechol Assay

“…Among many recent advanced detection platforms, laccase-based biosensors are superior for their rapid, effective, and online use by in situ devices for the determination of phenolic compounds [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. In enzyme-based biosensors, immobilization methods play a significant role.…”

“…In enzyme-based biosensors, immobilization methods play a significant role. Future potential has been proposed for novel achievements in laccase immobilization techniques (entrapment, adsorption, cross-linking, and covalent) on new nanocomposites, including electroactive nanomaterials for laccase-based biosensors [ 19 , 23 ].…”

“…Metal, metal-oxide, semiconductor, and composite NPs perform various functions in electrochemical transformation schemes. Their mediator properties are the most important factors [ 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”

“…The growing need in the catalytic industry can be met by multi-enzymes co-immobilized on these nanostructured materials that form the support matrices. Precise coordination between the target enzyme molecules and the surface pendant multifunctional nanostructured carriers has led to an effective and significant contribution in various novel applications for industry, biotechnology, and biomedicine [ 22 , 23 ].…”