We develop a new look on leadership for innovation and propose that effective leaders alternate between a broad range of behaviors and tune their approach to the changing demands of innovation. This is referred to as ambidextrous leadership. As the importance of different leader behaviors varies not only across time but also across contexts, ambidextrous leadership takes different shapes depending on contextual conditions. We discuss culture as an important contextual condition that holds implications for effective ambidextrous leadership. Cultures have different strengths and weaknesses for innovation that can be leveraged or compensated. We use the cultural characteristics identified by the GLOBE project to discuss how leaders can take culture into account when leading for innovation.

Research has frequently argued that firms need to pursue exploratory and exploitative innovation strategies to be viable in an environment of technological change and intensified competition. However, it remains unclear whether exploratory and exploitative innovations are equally successful in different institutional environments. This meta-analysis synthesizes previous empirical findings to reveal under which institutional conditions firms benefit most from exploratory or exploitative innovation. We distinguish between institutional conditions that affect the success derived from exploratory and exploitative innovations through (a) the availability of resources and (b) attitudes toward innovation and the willingness of stakeholders to allocate resources to both innovation types. Our results show that national culture has a strong impact on the success of exploratory innovations, whereas only uncertainty avoidance influences the benefits derived from exploitative innovations. Socioeconomic conditions are equally important for the success of both innovation types. Our findings are of high practical relevance as due to 484516JOMXXX10.1177/0149206313484516JOuRNAl OF MANAgEMENT / MONThMueller et al. / Exploratory and Exploitative Innovation 2013 Acknowledgments: This research was partially supported by a research grant from the Volkswagen Foundation (II/82 408). The work of the second author was partially carried out during a visiting research stay at Richard Ivey School of Business funded by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). We would like to thank Nicole Coviello, Michael Frese, Simon Parker, Shaker Zahra, the editor, and two anonymous reviewers of Journal of Management for valuable comments on earlier versions of the article.

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The use of cochlear implants (CI) is the common measure treatment to counteract severe-profound hearing loss. CI often allow reasonable speech understanding but are generally limited in terms of spectro-temporal resolution. Many CI recipients use a hearing aid (HA) on the non-implanted ear that complements the electrical stimulation of the CI by providing acoustical fine structure information, so called bimodal patients. Amongst others, this might be especially beneficial for music appraisal. However, it is not clear how the HA should be fitted in conjunction with the CI in order to provide the best sound quality. The purpose of this study was to vary different fitting parameters of the HA systematically and to determine the resulting music sound quality. To this end, a master hearing aid was used in order to have controlled access to the different parameters. Three different music excerpts (pop with and without vocals, classic) were presented to 13 bimodally fitted CI users and the sound quality was assessed using the multiple-stimulus with hidden reference and anchor (MUSHRA) test. Since the goal was to gain information on possible improvement of fitting, a complete retest was performed and individual reliability of the assessments was determined by the eGauge method. It could be shown that most of the listeners were able to provide reliable sound quality judgements. In terms of HA fitting it turned out that changing compression and varying low frequency gain had a significant effect compared to a standard prescriptive fitting based on DSL v5.0. However, especially the effect of changing low frequency gain depended on the music excerpts presented, since pop music with vocals revealed the largest effect. The study gives evidence that hearing aid fitting can be optimized relative to a standard prescriptive rule in order to improve music sound quality in bimodal CI users. Moreover, the method might be helpful to determine the best fitting based on individual results in a clinical setting.