Studies were conducted in the zone of unstable moistening of the Central Ciscaucasia in the ordinary chernozem carbonate according to the scheme: 1. control 2. KBP-standard; 3. KBP – innovative; 4. PCM; 5. KMP-92. According to the traditional technology was carried out treatment of seeds before sowing and maize plants in the phase of 3-4 leaves and flowering, and on the proposed produce and processing of the soil. Revealed that the number of aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria on control in phase 3-4 sheet amounted to 21.1 thousand CFU/1 g, and in the flowering stage 76.3 thousand CFU/1 g and increased with the application of KBP-book standard respectively 2.2 and 1.7 times, KBP – innovative 1.9 and 1.6 times, PCM 2.1 and 1.4 times and the PCM-92 – 1.7 and 1.4 times. The lowest values have on the phase of wax ripeness. The number of ammonifying control in the phase of 3-4 leaves was 55 million CFU/1 g. and has increased as a result of the application of biopreparations in 1,4-1,6 times. In the flowering stage, the number of ammonifying control increased to 259 million CFU/1 g and increased by different versions from 1.6 to 1.7 times. Similar changes can be traced in the number of nitrifying microorganisms. The yield of corn for grain was lowest on control (of 4.07 t/ha), increased more than conventional technology, the embodiment with the use of KBP-S 24.1 %, and the proposed technology with the use of KMP-92 - 31.4%.
The research of organic matter content in major subtypes of black soils of the Central Ciscaucasia, namely: ordinary carbonated, ordinary regular (not boiling from the surface), leached and alkalized-firm (similar to vertisols) on virgin and on arable soils, has been performed. It has been found that within 70-100 years of soils exploitation in the system of agrobiocenoses, the content of humus in the upper horizons of soils has reduced by 16-38 % for carbonated, 25 to 33 % for regular, 6-21 % for leached, and 8-24% for alkalized-firm black soil. This trend has not been observed below the illuvial zone. Humic acids contain significantly less fulvic acids, and the humic to fulvic acids ratio (HA:FA) increases in arable soil, as compared to virgin soils from 1.52 to 2.77 for carbonated, from 1.74 to 2.17 for regular and from 1.72 to 2.00 for leached black soils. In alkalized-firm soils, the difference for this indicator has not been detected.
Material and energy cycles in living systems of phototrophs and heterotrophs, and in inert systems of the mineral base of soils have significant differences. As a result of soil formation and weathering under natural conditions, soils lose some of the nutrients due to the removal of moisture with an intrasoil and subsoil current, but in agricultural use - with a commodity part of the crop. The result is a depletion of soils, their aging and a decrease in fertility. Soils successively pass through the stages from birth on the initial parent rock to mature soil, aging, natural death and neorock. The stage of menopause of soils does not exist as equilibrium and which can last immeasurably for a long time. Soil, like any other system, cannot be in equilibrium if there is an influx of energy from outside. In the historical cycle under unchanging conditions of soil formation, time is the main factor in soil formation.
Studies were carried out on ordinary carbonate chernozems under winter wheat. No-till technology is applied on more than 200 thousand ha in the Central Ciscaucasia. There are features in the application of this technology related to the composition, properties of chernozems and weather conditions of the territory. An increase in the content of nitrogen (by 20–25 mg kg-1) and phosphorus (by 4–6 mg kg-1) in the soil was established as a result of the use of No-till compared to plowing for 5 years. The study revealed an increase in the amount of soil microflora: ammonifiers by 2.5-2.7 times; nitrifying agents by 2.8-3.0 times; nitrogen fixing agents of the genus Azotobacter by 4.5-7.0 times; cellulose-destroying microorganisms by 10-12 times in a layer of 0-20 cm of soil. In the seasonal cycle, the largest number of microbes was in the flowering phase of wheat, and the smallest in the spring at the beginning of the growing season. Winter wheat yields during the observation period averaged to 4.61 t/ha for plowing and increased due to the proposed technology up to 5.34 t/ha. The quality of the products (protein, gluten, grain weight) did not change significantly. Calculations of economic efficiency showed that the level of profitability when using No-till technology is 68-72%, and when plowing it is reduced by 25-30%. Profit from 1 ha was 17-18 thousand rubles against 8-10 thousand rubles, respectively
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