Cycles of living and bio-inert systems in soil formation

Abstract

Material and energy cycles in living systems of phototrophs and heterotrophs, and in inert systems of the mineral base of soils have significant differences. As a result of soil formation and weathering under natural conditions, soils lose some of the nutrients due to the removal of moisture with an intrasoil and subsoil current, but in agricultural use - with a commodity part of the crop. The result is a depletion of soils, their aging and a decrease in fertility. Soils successively pass through the stages from birth on the initial parent rock to mature soil, aging, natural death and neorock. The stage of menopause of soils does not exist as equilibrium and which can last immeasurably for a long time. Soil, like any other system, cannot be in equilibrium if there is an influx of energy from outside. In the historical cycle under unchanging conditions of soil formation, time is the main factor in soil formation.

Assessment of the modern youth’s commitment to organic food products as the basis of the manufacturers’ marketing strategy

“…The general conclusion is that it is necessary to attract public attention to this problem, to educate the younger generation, young people, including future agricultural specialists with a responsible attitude to the food consumed [10,11]. At the stage of training agricultural specialists at the university it is needed to form professional responsibility for the quality of agricultural raw materials going into commercial food production [12,13,14,15].…”

Synthesis of Iron, Zinc, and Manganese Nanofertilizers, Using Andean Blueberry Extract, and Their Effect in the Growth of Cabbage and Lupin Plants

“…As a result, within the last few decades, conventional fertilizers had a dominant role in various environmental challenges due to their high application rates, low efficiency, and application methods. Furthermore, they disturb the mineral balance and cause a reduced availability of micronutrients; additionally, they may impact the soil dynamics, often resulting in irreparable damage to its structure and mineral cycles [ 13 , 14 ]. For instance, soil that is too alkaline or acidic prevents the plant’s roots from accessing nutrients, which can adversely affect plant growth.…”