Only 2.5 percent of the world's water is fresh, despite the fact that water covers approximately 70% of the planet. This water is used for several recreational purposes and gets polluted by wastewater disposal directly into freshwater bodies. Effluents dispersed into water bodies could be from various sources like industries, households, and agricultural activities. These effluents comprise heavy metals and chemical wastes directly released into water bodies without treatment and could include major contaminants like nitrates, nitrites, ammonia and phosphates. The present study mainly focuses on removal of four significant pollutants from agriculture wastes, i.e., nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, and phosphates. These pollutants are removed using adsorbents via a process known as adsorption. Adsorbents used in the study are fish scales and neem leaves. Several studies have been carried out to measure the efficiency of adsorbents in the removal of contaminants. These studies include equilibrium studies, kinetic studies and isotherm studies. Based on a complete analysis and results obtained, 95% to 99% of contaminants can be removed effectively with an adsorbent dosage of 0.4g (0.2 gms of fish scale and 0.2 gms of neem leaves powder), optimum pH of 6 and at 303K constant temperature. The dosage variance stems from changing the dosages of two adsorbents in three ways, i.e., by taking both adsorbents in equal dosages, and increasing the dosage of one adsorbent compared to the other and vice versa. The contact time varied from 0 to 140min and the Initial concentration of pollutants has also been varied from 30 to 70 mg/L. In addition to the above variations thermodynamic studies were also done and based on the negative values of ΔG, and positive value of ΔH and ΔS it is evident that the reaction of novel adsorbent (Combination of fish scales and neem leaves) is spontaneous and endothermic.
Water pollution is one of the most serious environmental issues facing the world, including India. The present study mainly focuses on removal of major pollutant from agriculture wastewater that is responsible for eutrophication in water, that is, phosphates. Fish scales and Hami‐melon peels were used as adsorbents in this investigation. Numerous studies are carried out for how effective adsorbents are at removing the pollutant phosphate. Equilibrium studies, thermodynamic studies, kinetic studies, and isotherm studies are all variations of these types of investigations. According to investigations, both the adsorbents of 0.2% concentration at 165 rpm with pH 6 and a constant temperature of 30°C can successfully remove 95%–97% of phosphate. The initial concentration of the pollutant was also varied from 30 to 70 ppm and the pH is varied from 3 to 9 which showed the maximum adsorption occurred in the range of 5–7. Additionally, contact time varied at an intervals of 10 min to determine the optimum contact time and was found to be 140 min. The uptake capacities 24.15 mg/g for fish scales as adsorbent whereas 23.94 mg/g for Hami melon peels as adsorbent. The isotherm studies showed that Langmuir isotherm fits well where second order kinetics is suited based on kinetic studies. The thermodynamic studies showed that fish scales and Hami melon peels are suitable to remove phosphates since the adsorption occurred is spontaneous and the reaction is endothermic in nature.
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