A modern incipient trend is being witnessed in the construction industry wherein concrete is pumped which flows through a nozzle connected to a robotic arm in successive layers in order to develop structural load bearing members generally referred as “Additive manufacturing of Concrete(AMOC)” or 3D Printing of Concrete (3DPC). Numerous challenges are being faced by the construction industry for implementation of Additive manufacturing of concrete to a large scale due to the scarcity of information available w.r.t this technology. This technology has opened up new opportunities which requires intensive research to be carried out to ensure that concrete gets pumped through the pipe(pumpability), extrudes through the nozzle (extrudability), retains its shape once this concrete is extruded from the nozzle(buildability). In addition to this, concrete has to be strong enough to withstand loads induced by upper layers without any deformations (shape retentivity). If the challenges related to pumpability, extrudability, buildability and shape retentivity can be addressed in a better manner, this technology of 3D concrete printing can be utilized to construct houses/building components at a rapid rate and bring down the overall construction costs exponentially with optimal usage and minimal wastage of resources. This paper addresses the various challenges which are commonly encountered in the Additive manufacturing of Concrete (AMOC) summarizing the potential solutions to it discussing some of the case studies of projects which have used this technology.
The assessment of climate change can be carried out by analysing rainfall variability, temporal climatic changes, spatial interpolation of climatic factors and climatic risking. The climatic changes have consequences on precipitation pattern changes, temperature variation, and crop growing season alteration, increase of sea ice and grounded ice sheets. This has implications on ecosystem, human health, settlement and agriculture. Some of the repercussions attributed to temperature and precipitation increase is an increase of Cyclonic activities with increase of cyclonic wind speeds, Increase in Extreme Precipitation events like floods and droughts, agricultural yield is projected to decrease and negative impact on subsistence agriculture. The Tropical Cyclones intensifying in eastern Indian Ocean and crossing the coasts of Indian subcontinent year after year is a major cause of concern. The Latent Heat Release (LHR) of cyclones of Bay of Bengal carried out using advanced sensors like SSM/I (Special Sensor Microwave/Imager) on-board DMSP satellites (Defence Meteorological Satellite Program of US) for assessing spatial distribution of precipitation since LHR is responsible for maintenance and intensification of tropical cyclones and LHR can also enable measurement of brightness temperatures of atmospheric/ocean surfaces. The images of the clouds in visible and infrared region provide information about cloud aerial extent, type, and growth/decay. The raining clouds have high visible band reflectance and are tall due to upward motion indicating deep convection. These issues pertaining to climate changes through Remote sensing techniques is discussed in the paper.
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