A field study was conducted during three consecutive years of 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 at university farm at Bihar Agricultural University, to assess the impact of resource conservation and nutrient management on yield, economics, and energetics of rice-wheat cropping system. The experiment was conducted in split plot design replicated thrice with three cropping system establishment methods viz. system of rice intensification + conventional wheat, transplanted rice + conventional wheat with 30% rice residue incorporation and direct seeded rice + zero tilled wheat with 30% rice residue incorporation as main plot and with three nutrient management practices viz. 100% of Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) through inorganic sources, 75% of RDF through inorganic sources + 25% of RDF through organic sources (vermicompost), 50% of RDF through inorganic sources + 50% of RDF through organic sources (vermicompost) and 100% of RDF through inorganic sources + mungbean as green manuring. It was obvious from the result that highest rice yield (48.7 qha -1 ) was from system of rice intensification + conventional wheat meanwhile highest wheat yield (47.0 qha -1 ) and system productivity (rice equivalent yield) (91.3 qha -1 ) was from direct seeded rice + zero tilled wheat with 30% rice residue incorporation. Moreover, the dominance of resource conservation practices on other practices was prevalent in the cropping system as highest B:C ratio (1.92) was obtained from direct seeded rice + zero tilled wheat with 30% rice residue incorporation. Lowest greenhouse gas emission i.e. CH4, CO2, N2O was from direct seeded rice with zero tilled wheat and residue incorporation at different stages of crop growth. Among different nutrient management practices highest yield both for rice (48.3qha -1 ) wheat (43.9qha -1 ) and rice equivalent yield (95.2 qha -1 ) was obtained from 100% of RDF through inorganic sources + mungbean as green manuring. Adding to this the B:C ratio was also least (1.84) from same, whereas lowest greenhouse gas emission (CH4, CO2) was from 100% inorganic fertilizers. And lowest nitrous oxide emission was from 50% inorganic and 50% organic fertilizers.
A field experiment was conducted at research farm, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, India during 2017 and 2018 to gain insight crop phonology mediated greenhouse gas emission under different tillage and nitrogen management practices in direct seeded rice (DSR). The experiment was conducted in split plot design with two tillage viz. zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT) as main plot and four nitrogen management practices viz. 100% nitrogen through neem coated urea (S1), SPAD based nitrogen management (S2), 75% through neem coated urea + 25% nitrogen through vermicompost, (S3) and ¼ nitrogen as basal and rest in equal three splits at 20, 40, 60 DAS (S4) as sub plot, in three replication. The highest yield (4.69 t ha-1), net return (Rs 46440 ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.44) were recorded from zero tilled DSR. Further, highest yield (4.82 t ha-1), net return (Rs 44880 ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.36) was obtained under split application of nitrogenous fertilizers among other subplot treatments. The range of methane (0.57- 1.47 mg m-2 hr-1) carbon dioxide (0.32- 0.61 mg m-2 hr-1) and nitrous oxide (19.58- 38.79 µg m-2 hr-1) emission was recorded lowest in zero tilled plots and split application of nitrogenous fertilizer also emitted lowest values of 1.59 mg m-2 hr-1 methane, 0.86 mg m-2 hr-1 carbon dioxide and 46.76 µg m-2 hr-1 nitrous oxide at maximum tillering stage of crop growth. Moreover, methane and nitrous oxide emission was gradually decreased from maximum tillering to harvesting stage. Zero tilled DSR with split nitrogen fertilizer application ascribed lowest greenhouse gas intensity among the other crop establishment and nitrogen management options. Thus, zero tilled method of crop establishment with split application of nitrogenous fertilizer could be a remunerative and environmentally stable method for direct seeded rice cultivation.
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