A laboratory experiment was carried out on composting of three organic substrates viz; paddy straw, vegetable waste and maize stover by using three isolated cellulose degrading bacteria viz; CBG2, CBD4 and CBC9. The physical properties after final products were examined. Irrespective of the strains inoculation the bulk density (BD) of paddy straw was highest (0.82 Mg m-3) followed by maize stover compost (0.74 Mg m-3) and vegetable waste compost (0.73 Mg m-3). Irrespective of the substrates, the PD of the composts, was highest (1.55 Mg m-3) in uninoculated control followed by CBC9 (1.02 Mg m-3), CBD4 (0.97 Mg m-3) and CBG2 (0.91 Mg m-3). The porosity of the compost was highest (39 %) where CBG2 was inoculated followed by CBD4 (36%), CBC9 (35%) and uninoculated control (23%). The highest angle of repose (420) was in CBG2 treated compost followed by CBD4 (390), CBC9 (360), and lowest (340) was in uninoculated control. The tab density of compost from control was highest (1.15 Mg m-3) followed by CBC9 (0.63 Mg m-3), CBD4 (0.59 Mg m-3) and lowest was in CBG2 (0.52 Mg m-3). The highest (0.96) Husners ratio (HR) was estimated in the uninoculated- control followed by CBC9 and CBD4 (0.95). The lowest (0.94) HR was in CBG2 inoculated compost.
A field study was conducted during three consecutive years of 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 at university farm at Bihar Agricultural University, to assess the impact of resource conservation and nutrient management on yield, economics, and energetics of rice-wheat cropping system. The experiment was conducted in split plot design replicated thrice with three cropping system establishment methods viz. system of rice intensification + conventional wheat, transplanted rice + conventional wheat with 30% rice residue incorporation and direct seeded rice + zero tilled wheat with 30% rice residue incorporation as main plot and with three nutrient management practices viz. 100% of Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) through inorganic sources, 75% of RDF through inorganic sources + 25% of RDF through organic sources (vermicompost), 50% of RDF through inorganic sources + 50% of RDF through organic sources (vermicompost) and 100% of RDF through inorganic sources + mungbean as green manuring. It was obvious from the result that highest rice yield (48.7 qha -1 ) was from system of rice intensification + conventional wheat meanwhile highest wheat yield (47.0 qha -1 ) and system productivity (rice equivalent yield) (91.3 qha -1 ) was from direct seeded rice + zero tilled wheat with 30% rice residue incorporation. Moreover, the dominance of resource conservation practices on other practices was prevalent in the cropping system as highest B:C ratio (1.92) was obtained from direct seeded rice + zero tilled wheat with 30% rice residue incorporation. Lowest greenhouse gas emission i.e. CH4, CO2, N2O was from direct seeded rice with zero tilled wheat and residue incorporation at different stages of crop growth. Among different nutrient management practices highest yield both for rice (48.3qha -1 ) wheat (43.9qha -1 ) and rice equivalent yield (95.2 qha -1 ) was obtained from 100% of RDF through inorganic sources + mungbean as green manuring. Adding to this the B:C ratio was also least (1.84) from same, whereas lowest greenhouse gas emission (CH4, CO2) was from 100% inorganic fertilizers. And lowest nitrous oxide emission was from 50% inorganic and 50% organic fertilizers.
The present work is a follow-up study to identify the effects of nine years long-term integrated nutrient management practices on soil microbial activities in a cereal-based cropping system which was initiated in 2010. The microbial activities like microbial population and enzyme activities were estimated at three different soil depths; 0-15 cm, 15-30 cm and 30-45 cm, in response to different treatment regimes of inorganic fertilizers, organic manures, biofertilizers, and lime. The results identified a decreasing trend in the microbial population and enzyme activity with increased soil depth. Of all the treatment regimes, the maximum enhancements of dehydrogenase and urease activities were observed when there was a combined application of lime with inorganics and organic manure. Additionally, this treatment also increased the bacterial population while decreasing the fungal and actinomycetes population in the soil. The increased soil microbial activities in this treatment can be attributed to the role of organic manures.
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