Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including both traditional non-selective NSAIDs and the selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors, are widely used for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. NSAIDs are a necessary choice in pain management because of the integrated role of the COX path way in the generation of inflammation and in the biochemical recognition of pain. NSAIDs are the competitive inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX), the enzyme which mediates the bioconversion of arachidonic acid to inflammatory prostaglandins (PGs). Their use is associated with the side effects such as gastrointestinal and renal toxicity. They are the most commonly employed first line drugs for all these conditions and many others-like musculoskeletal trauma, minor aches and pains, and dysmenorrhoea. The therapeutic anti-inflammatory action of NSAIDs is produced by the inhibition of COX-2, while the undesired side effects arise from inhibition of COX-1 activity. Thus, it was though those more selective COX-2 inhibitors would have reduced side effects. Based upon a number of selective COX-2 inhibitors (Rofecoxib, Celecoxib etc.) were developed as safer NSAIDs with improved gastric safety profile. Several newer applications like prophylaxis of stroke with aspirin are now common place. Use of these drugs for the prophylaxis of conditions like Alzheimer’s disease and colorectal cancer is being evaluated. Unfortunately, they have several toxicities ranging from minor heartburn to severe gastrointestinal haemorrhage and perforation. Therefore, newer NSAIDs have been introduced in recent years to circumvent this problem. In preliminary studies, these have shown better safety, efficacy, and tolerability but the full spectrum of adverse reactions of these drugs is yet to be fully known. This review can be used for further research as well as clinical purpose.
Keywords: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), cyclooxygenase inhibitors, prostaglandins, aspirin.
Herbal medicine is one of the oldest valuable bestowals that were given to mankind. Many plants and herbs hold their prestigious position in the field of medicine. The worldwide interest in the use of medicinal plants has been growing, and its beneficial effects being rediscovered for the development of new drugs. Based on their vast ethnopharmacological applications, which inspired current research in drug discovery, natural products can provide new and important leads against various pharmacological targets. This work pioneers an extensive and an updated literature review on the current state of research on Rosmarinus officinalis L., elucidating which compounds and biological activities are the most relevant. According to these references, there has been an increasing interest in the therapeutic properties of this plant, regarding carnosic acid, carnosol, rosmarinic acid and the essential oil. The present manuscript provides an updated review upon the most reported activities on R. officinalis and its active constituents. This knowledge about the medicinal plants usage can also be extended to other fields like field of pharmacology. In view of the nature of the plant, more research work can be done on humans so that a drug with multifarious effects will be available in the future market.
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developing neuronal disorder with hindered social correspondence and repetitive behaviors. Hereditary and ecological factors have been related to this problem, including the introduction of valproic acid during pregnancy. Dysbiosis is the most common comorbid condition in autism, numerous probiotic strains have been known to forestall social impairments in autism. Method: Prenatal autism model was done on 12th embryonic day of pregnancy in Wistar rats with the valproic acid dose 400 mg/kg, i.p. Those offspring exhibiting autistic symptoms were selected for study and were treated with polyphenols, probiotics and their combination for the study period of postnatal day (PND) 08-50. Results: Prenatal model showed significant autistic and dysbiotic symptoms in the animals. With the probiotic and polyphenols treatment combination it was understood that bio-activation of polyphenols are crucial in the correction of neurochemical abnormality, oxidative stress, behavioral deficits and neuroprotection. Probiotic complex with acetyl-l-carnitine combination was also essential for the growth of gut bacteria, functionality of brain. Through this combination study behavioral and biochemical alterations were recovered. Conclusion: Establishing a good ecosystem in the gut with good probiotics and polyphenols-like compounds is essential, gut targeted brain functionality is a remarkable way to challenge autistic disorder, advice on this combination may be helpful in the right way of accessing the gut-brain-axis and useful in amending of autism.
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