Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is a method of choice for the growth of highly conformal thin films with accurately controlled thickness on planar and nanostructured surfaces. These advantages make it pivotal for emerging nanotechnology applications. This review sheds light on the current developments on the ALD of vanadium oxide, which, with proper postdeposition treatment yields a variety of functional and smart oxide phases. The application of vanadium oxide coatings in electrochemical energy storage, microelectronics and smart windows are emphasized.

No abstract

CNT–TiO2 core–shell nanostructured coatings were made using a hybrid CVD/ALD process. The evaluation of these films as photoanodes for the photoelectrochemical water splitting reaction reveals a clear benefit from the involvement of CNTs.

No abstract

Solar energy harvesting is an essential component for a clean and sustainable future energy supply. Hereby, solar–thermal energy conversion is of a significant importance, and the role of absorbing layers is pivotal. Nanoscale design of thermally responsive absorbing nanocomposite coatings is addressed in this study with the objective to tailor the light absorption behavior. While carbon nanotubes (CNTs) act as perfect black absorbers, vanadium dioxide (VO2) shows a semiconductor-to-metal transition (SMT) at 67 °C with an abrupt change in the optical properties. Combining the properties of these two nanometric building blocks is investigated as an approach to design smart black nanocomposite films. The CNTs feature either an upward or a downward thermal emissivity switching across the SMT depending on the morphology of the overgrown VO2 nanolayer. Decorated CNTs with VO2 nanoparticles feature an enhancement of the thermal emissivity above the SMT, whereas VO2-covered CNTs feature a decrease of thermal emissivity when they turn metallic above the SMT. The results were successfully explained by a theoretical model based on effective media approximations. By means of this model, the percolation threshold for the VO2 inclusions was identified. VO2 inclusions below this threshold are mostly confined in small domains, and near/mid-infrared light absorption dominates in the metallic phase as a consequence of the localized surface plasmons’ excitation. Above the percolation threshold, VO2 inclusions form large continuous domains that are more reflective in the metallic phase. The percolation threshold is the result of surface-energy-driven dewetting that can be influenced by the implemented thermal treatment. The developed VO2–CNT nanocomposite films hold appealing properties for the design of smart absorbers for solar energy harvesting and thermal management as well as photothermal actuators.