This article explores how the United States (US) has redefined the concept of ‘imminent threat’ in order to relax the rules for anticipatory use of armed force against insurgents. The article focuses on how two new definitions of imminent threat have changed the conduct of specific combat activities, namely, drone strikes and ground combat operations. The central part of the article is divided into four sections. The first section examines the redefinition of imminent threat in the context of drone warfare, while the second section provides an analysis of the redefinition of imminent threat in ground combat operations. Both sections show how the new definitions of imminent threat abandoned two key elements of the classic definition, that is, the immediacy and certainty of the threat. The third and fourth sections of the article explore how the new definitions of imminent threat prevented the application of two key principles governing the use of armed force: the principles of necessity and proportionality. Both sections show how successive US administrations enabled the US military to conduct operations without observing these two key principles regulating the use of force.
Rejected Syrians: Violations of the Principle of "Non-Refoulement" in Turkey, Jordan and LebanonThe article analyses the practices used by Turkey, Jordan and Lebanon to prevent Syrians from exercising their right to seek and enjoy asylum. The article consists of two sections. The first section examines how all three host countries violated the principle of non-refoulement by employing a range of unlawful practices (e.g. border closures and "pushbacks", arbitrary detentions and deportations etc.). The second section examines how Lebanon resorted to practices that created circumstances for constructive refoulement of Syrian asylum seekers and refugees (e.g. shutting down the authority responsible for processing asylum claims, stripping Syrian refugees of their protected status etc.).
IZVLEČEK Zavrnjeni Sirci: Kršitve načela nevračanja v Turčiji, Libanonu in JordanijiČlanek analizira prakse, ki so jih Turčija, Jordanija in Libanon uporabili z namenom, da sirskim državljanom preprečijo uveljavljanje pravice do iskanja in uživanja pribežališča pred preganjanjem. Članek je sestavljen iz dveh delov. Prvi del analizira, kako so vse tri države gostiteljice z uporabo nezakonitih praks kršile načelo nevračanja (npr. zapiranje meja in preprečevanje prehoda, samovoljno zapiranje in deportiranje itd.). Drugi del članka analizira, kako je Libanon uporabil prakse, ki so ustvarile pogoje za posredno prisilno vračanje sirskih iskalcev azila in beguncev (npr. zaprtje edine institucije, pristojne za obravnavanje prošenj za azil, odvzem statusa nekaterim sirskim beguncem itd.).
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