A haematological score can be obtained by a complete blood count and examination of peripheral blood smear, thus permitting an objective assessment of haematological changes that occur in a neonate suspected of sepsis. C-reactive protein does not have any advantage over HSS, either as a single test or in combination.

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Peritumoral retraction artefact appears in tissue sections as an empty space partially or completely encircling a nest of tumor cells, usually in conformity with the rounded or angular outline of that particular nest. The present study was designed to test this finding in a large series of cases and to quantify the appearance of peritumoral retraction artefact in, in situ and infiltrating duct carcinoma of the breast. We examined 199 cases of infiltrating duct carcinoma (IDC) and 188 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Of the total of 387 cases, 111 were core needle biopsies, whereas the others were larger resections. In each specimen, retraction was evaluated on hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides as negative, 1+ (1% to 25% of tumor showing retraction), 2+ (26% to 50%), 3+ (51% to 75%), or 4+ (76% to 100%). Overall, peritumoral retraction was noted in 168 of 199 cases (84.4%) of IDC, versus 30 of 188 cases (16%) of DCIS (P < 0.0001). Peritumoral retraction scored as 2+ or greater (26% to 50%) was seen in only 1 of 188 DCIS specimens, compared with 77 of 199 IDC. Thus, peritumoral retraction artefact appears to be a significant finding seen during the evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin specimens for the diagnosis of carcinoma. We discuss the possibility that this phenomenon might represent true prelymphatic space involvement rather than a fixation artefact.

Villous adenoma is a rare neoplasm in the urinary tract. It usually occurs in patients older than 50 years with a male predominance. The affected patients typically present with hematuria, irritative voiding symptoms, and mucosuria. The malignant potential of this entity has not been established, but some of the case series studies on bladder villous adenoma do suggest a possible association with malignant tumors. Findings on ultrasonography, computed tomographic scanning, magnetic resonance imaging, or on cystoscopic examination are nonspecific. Therefore, villous adenoma of the bladder is primarily a histologic diagnosis. This review will highlight the current theories on its pathogenesis and discuss its main histologic and immunohistochemical features to aid the diagnosis.