Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly infectious viral disease of cattle caused by LSD virus (LSDV), which was first reported in Armenia in late 2015. It was identified in pasture-raised cattle near the border with Iran. Currently, vaccination plays a key role in preventing further incursion of disease in high-risk areas. The purpose of this work was to assess the quality of vaccination currently used in Armenia by determining the immune response of the heterologous dry culture sheep pox virus-based vaccine against LSD in cattle. Seroprevalence and seroconversion testing was carried out using an ELISA to detect specific antibodies against LSD before and 30 days after vaccination in three adjacent regions of Armenia (Ararat, Armavir, Gegharkunik). Ixodes ticks were also examined for the presence of LSDV via real-time PCR. We found that the heterologous vaccine used in Armenia creates a high level of population immunity of 86.09% (83.83–87.97%) and no adverse side effects were observed in cattle. Of the 6 types of Ixodes ticks identified and tested, we found no evidence of LSDV circulating in these vectors. These results suggest that regular serological monitoring via ELISA and heterologous vaccination should continue in areas of Armenia at high risk for incursion of LSD to reduce the spread of this highly infectious transboundary disease.

Lumpy skin disease is a poxvirus disease of economic importance. The first clinical cases of LSD in Armenia were registered in December 2015 among cattle which further was confirmed in laboratory in local and international levels. The source of LSDV was not identified and the role of vectors is not clear but there are some insects presented in country and which are known as a vector of LSDV transmission. For the control and prevention of the further spread of LSDV the vaccination with sheep pox live vaccine was conducted. During 2016 and first 9 months of 2017 in total 487518 cattle were vaccinated. In 2016 about 50% of total cattle population, which were located in risk zones, were vaccinated and in parallel with other control measures it have helped to stop further spread of LSDV in country.

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This article covers the problem of male and female speech differences in political discourse. Male and female politicians use different language tools in order to make the message comprehensible to the listener. Most studies of male and female language reveal women as considerably less influential than men. However, our study shows that women’s role in political activity becomes increasingly important and deserves higher attention. The analysis of the speeches of political leaders gives us the idea that there are several differences which are notable in verbal communication when what we are after is gender. The article aims to identify male and female linguistic features in the speeches of two political leaders: Donald J. Trump and Hillary R. Clinton.