Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth with simulated invasive cervical resorption cavities, restored with different restorative materials, namely, conventional glass-ionomer cement (CGIC), resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC), flowable composite (FC), and giomer. Methods: Sixty extracted human permanent maxillary central incisor teeth were assigned to six groups,which were, Group 1 (intact teeth, control), Group 2 (teeth with biomechanical preparation and resorption cavity), Group 3 (CGIC), Group 4 (RMGIC), Group 5 (FC), and Group 6 (giomer). Except for Group 1, other groups were subjected to endodontic treatment. Teeth of Group 2 were left unobturated and teeth of Groups 3–6 were obturated. A simulated resorption cavity was prepared labially in the specimens belonging to Groups 2–6 and restored with respective restorative materials. The specimens were subjected to compressive load until failure in an Instron testing machine and the load at failure was recorded in Newtons. Statistical Analysis: The data obtained were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA, pair-wise comparison was made with Tukey's multiple comparison test, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the fracture resistance of intact teeth and endodontically treated teeth with simulated invasive cervical resorption cavities restored with different adhesive restorative materials. Among the restored teeth, there was no significant difference. Conclusion: Intact teeth were found to have the highest resistance to fracture followed by those restored with giomer, FC, RMGIC, and CGIC in that order.

Introduction:The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strength of resin modified glass ionomer cement to conditioned and unconditioned mineral trioxide aggregate surface.Materials and Method:White Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (WMTA) and Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement (RMGIC) were used for the study. 60 WMTA specimens were prepared and stored in an incubator at 37° C and 100% humidity for 72 hrs. The specimens were then divided into two groups- half of the specimens were conditioned and remaining half were left unconditioned, subsequent to which RMGIC was placed over MTA. The specimens were then stored in an incubator for 24 hrs at 37° C and 100% humidity. The shear bond strength value of RMGIC to conditioned and unconditioned WMTA was measured and compared using unpaired 't  ’ test.Results:The mean shear bond strength of value of RMGIC to conditioned and unconditioned WMTA was 6.59 MPa and 7.587 MPa respectively. Statistical analysis using unpaired t-test revealed that the difference between values of two groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).Conclusions:During clinical procedures like pulp capping and furcal repair, if RMGIC is placed as a base over MTA, then conditioning should be done to increase the bond strength between RMGIC and dentin and any inadvertent contact of conditioner with MTA will not significantly affect the shear bond strength value of RMGIC to MTA.

Introduction: The root canal is a hub of numerous microorganisms. Routine endodontic procedures fail to remove the resistant microorganisms such as Enterococcus faecalis . Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of different vehicles on the antimicrobial efficacy of triple antibiotic paste (TAP) on E. faecalis infected root canals. Materials and Methods: Eighty single-rooted and freshly extracted human teeth were prepared in radicular portion, and pure culture of E. faecalis (ATCC ® 29212™) inoculum was injected into canals of tooth blocks and incubated for 21 days. Tooth blocks were divided into five groups. Each experimental group was then medicated with 0.1 ml of TAP and no medication was added for control groups. After 21 days of incubation at 37°C, colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml) were counted for each group. Results: Group II treated with TAP mixed with propylene glycol revealed a maximum reduction in CFU/ml, and that was followed by Group I and Group III, where TAP was mixed with 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and 0.9% normal saline, respectively. Data were compared and analyzed using statistics software. The results were considered statistically significant for P < 0.05. There was a statistically significant difference in CFU/ml between propylene glycol and positive control group, between CHX and positive control group, between saline and positive control group. Conclusions: The propylene glycol group with TAP was the most effective vehicle for the elimination of E. faecalis from canals of tooth blocks, followed by 2% CHX solution as the second vehicle of choice over 0.9% normal saline.

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INTRODUCTIONCalcium Hydroxide was introduced in endodontics as a direct pulpcapping agent and is highly recommended and widely accepted as an inter-appointment intracanal endodontic dressing. It demonstrates a pronounced antibacterial activity against most of the bacterial species identified in endodontic infections. It can be mixed with a variety of vehicles such as distilled water, saline solution, propylene glycol and glycerine. Most of the substances used as vehicles do not have significant antimicrobial activity. However, due to the relative inefficiency of CH in the elimination of both facultative anaerobes and yeasts, it has been combined with other medicaments such as 2% CHX gel, Iodoform, Camphorated Paramonochlorophenol (CPMC), to obtain a wide spectrum antimicrobial action [1].The merits of CH have also been disputed, not only concerning its efficacy as an antimicrobial agent, but also because of possible apical leakage of the obturated canal system after its use [2]. Incomplete removal of CH medicaments from root canal surface, prevents the sealer from penetrating into the dentinal tubules, interferes with the normal setting reaction resulting in potential reduction of sealer adaptation, thus, affecting the seal of obturating material leading to microleakage and subsequent treatment failure [3]. Hence, while placing an intracanal medicament it is important to consider its effect on leakage of the root canal system [4].The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of three CH based intracanal medicaments on the apical sealing ability of AH Plus-guttapercha obturation. The medicaments used in the study were freshly prepared paste of CH mixed with normal saline, freshly prepared paste of CH mixed with 2% CHX solution and a commercially available paste of CH and iodoform in silicone oil-Vitapex. Hypothesis tested was that CH based intracanal medicaments would adversely affect the apical sealing ability of AH Plus guttapercha obturated root canals. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis in vitro study was carried out in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Mahatma Gandhi Mission's Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Hundred permanent single rooted, non-carious human teeth with intact apices and curvature less than 10 degrees extracted for periodontal or orthodontic reasons were selected for the study. Teeth with immature root apices, cracks, root caries, curvatures, fracture and resorption defects were excluded. Samples were disinfected in 5% sodium hypochlorite (PDP, India) solution for one hour and stored in 0.9% normal saline (Althea Pharma Pvt. Ltd. India) in air tight containers until use. Specimen Preparation:To ensure that all specimens were the same length they were resected 15 mm from the apex using a diamond disc with water coolant. The length was standardized Keywords: AH Plus, Chlorhexidine, Saline, Vitapex ABSTRACT Introduction: Calcium Hydroxide (CH) is one of the most commonly used intracanal medicaments which can be used with various vehicles.

Introduction Dental anxiety may be defined as a state of unpleasant feeling combined with an associated feeling of impending doom or danger from within than from without. Anxious patients are difficult to manage and tend to avoid treatment. Aim The aim of the study is to evaluate the level of dental anxiety among patients undergoing endodontic treatment. Materials and methods Consent form and a pro forma of questionnaire [Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS)] in three different languages were used. The patients undergoing endodontic treatment were first explained about the study and how the study would be carried out with a sample size of 250 patients. The minimum score of 5 and the maximum score of 25 was considered for evaluation. Cut off at 19 or above indicates a highly dentally anxious patient. Statistical analysis Analysis was done using the Student’s t-test and Kruskal–Wallis test. Results There were significant differences in the level of anxiety between male and female patients when the tooth was about to be drilled, when the teeth were about to be scaled, and when the local anesthetic was to be administered (p = 0.05, 0.02, and 0.06 respectively), except for anxiety levels a day prior to treatment and when patients were in the waiting room, which was not significant (p = 0.46 and 0.14 respectively). Conclusion In general, it was observed that patients are slightly anxious related to dental appointments and fairly anxious when related to treatments. Female patients tend to be more anxious than men, and patients in age group below 25 years are more anxious than other age groups. How to cite this article Phodse K, Shenoy VU, Machale PS. Assessment of Dental Anxiety Levels in Patients undergoing Endodontic Treatment. J Contemp Dent 2017;7(2):91-96.

Aim To describe the management of type II dens invaginatus in permanent maxillary lateral incisors. Background Teeth affected by dens invaginatus show a deep infolding of enamel and dentine starting from the foramen coecum or even the tip of the cusps which may extend deep into the root. Dens invaginatus can be managed conservatively when it does not involve pulp and periodontal ligament. Moreover it may show a broad spectrum of morphologic variations and frequently results in early pulp necrosis if left undetected in early stages. Root canal treatment of such teeth is challenging because of the complex pulp space anatomy. Case report In the present case, bilateral occurrence of type II dens invaginatus was detected in maxillary lateral incisors. Following conservative cavity preparation, 12 was restored with an adhesive restoration. However as pulp exposure was observed in 22, it was endodontically treated. Conclusion Class II dens invaginatus without pulpal involvement can be treated successfully by conservative means there by maintaining the vitality of tooth. Early detection and immediate management leads to reduced tooth destruction thereby enhancing the long term prognosis. Clinical significance This case report will aid clinicians in the early detection and conservative management of tooth anomalies like dens invaginatus. How to cite this article Walzade PS, Sumanthini MV, Shenoy VU, Mahajan RP. Management of Bilateral Oehlers’ Type II Dens Invaginatus in Maxillary Lateral Incisors. J Contemp Dent 2017;7(2):125-129.