Are people in the bush really physically active? A systematic review and meta-analysis of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in rural Australians populations Background Physical inactivity is a major risk factor for non-communicable disease and premature mortality. People who live in rural settings are usually regarded as more physically active than those living in urban areas, however, direct comparisons between these populations are scarce. We aimed to summarise the prevalence of physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour in rural settings in Australia, compared to urban counterparts. MethodsWe searched six databases (AMED, Embase, Medline; CINAHL, SPORTDiscus; and RURAL) and identified 28 observational studies that investigated the levels of physical inactivity and/or sedentary behaviour in adults aged 18 years and over in rural Australia. Random effects meta-analysis was used to generate pooled prevalence estimates. ResultsPhysical inactivity was four percentage points (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.4 to 8) higher in rural populations compared to urban populations. There was a one percentage point (95% CI = -3 to 5) prevalence difference of physical activity in the rural populations. Rural populations reported on average 7.8 hours of sedentary time per day (95% CI = 5 to 10) and the prevalence of high levels of sedentary behaviour (≥to 8 hours per day) was 7% (95% CI = -8 to -7) greater in urban areas compared to rural areas.Conclusions People living in rural areas are just as physically inactive as people who live in urban areas. Our findings challenge the popular views that rural lifestyles result in people engaging more frequently in physical activity. Public health campaigns promoting physical activity in rural settings are just as necessary as in urban settings. Electronic supplementary material:The online version of this article contains supplementary material.
Hypertension development impaired axon growth, affecting mainly the small myelinated fibers. Males and females were affected equally. The alterations of the endoneural blood vessels probably played an important role on the small fibers alterations.
The sensory innervation of the distal hind limb is achieved by branches of the sacral and lumbar plexuses. In rats, the skin of the dorsum of the foot is innervated mainly by the sural and saphenous nerves, with considerable overlapping between them. We aimed to compare the morphology and morphometry of the sural and saphenous nerves in young rats. Female Wistar rats (N=5) aged 30 days were perfused with 2.5% glutaraldehyde and had their right and left sural and saphenous nerves prepared for light microscopy and morphometry. Comparisons were made between segments (proximal and distal) and sides in the same nerves and between nerves of the same side. Both nerves are longitudinally symmetric on both sides. A lateral symmetry is also present on both nerves. In general, no differences were found between nerves, either for the fascicle or for the myelinated fibers morphometry. The similar number of myelinated fibers, associated with their similar size in both sural and saphenous nerves suggests that the innervation territory for both nerves is equally distributed. This information is useful for studies of sensory neuropathies, in particular, studies of pain.Grant Funding Source : FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and FAEPA
Ultrastructural study of the aortic depressor nerve (ADN) [1] showed differences on the morphology and morphometry between normotensive Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), particularly in the number of unmyelinated fibers. The aim of the present study was to investigate if there are ultrastructural differences on the AND of two different normotensive rats strains. Twelve Wistar rats (WR) and 13 WKY had their left ADN fixed in 2,5% glutaraldehyde. Thin cross sections of proximal and distal segments of the ADN were studied by transmission electron microscopy and a morphometric study of the unmyelinated fibers was performed. Comparison between proximal and distal segments of the two strains revealed a longitudinal symmetry. Comparison between strains revealed that, despite the fact that WR are heavier (body weight = 339 ± 17g for WR and 277 ± 54 for WKY) than WKY, ADN unmyelinated fiber number and size is significantly larger in WKY. Unmyelinated fiber distribution is unimodal in both segments for both strains but WKY distribution was skewed to the right with a high percentage of fibers larger than 1.5 μm. Average values of unmyelinated fibers morphometric parameters are higher in WKY due to a larger number of fibers bigger than 1.5 μm.Grant Funding Source: FAPESP, CNPQ, CAPES and FAEPA
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