Several studies have expressed concerns about the effects of gene flow from transgenic herbicide‐resistant crops to their wild relatives, but no major problems have been observed. This review describes a case study in which what has been feared in transgenics regarding gene flow has actually changed biodiversity and people's lives. Nontransgenic imidazolinone‐resistant rice (IMI‐rice) cultivars increased the rice grain yield by 50% in southern Brazil. This increase was beneficial for life quality of the farmers and also improved the regional economy. However, weedy rice resistant to imidazolinone herbicides started to evolve three years after the first use of IMI‐rice cultivars. Population genetic studies indicate that the herbicide‐resistant weedy rice was mainly originated from gene flow from resistant cultivars and distributed by seed migration. The problems related with herbicide‐resistant weedy rice increased the production costs of rice that forced farmers to sell or rent their land. Gene flow from cultivated rice to weedy rice has proven to be a large agricultural, economic, and social constraint in the use of herbicide‐resistant technologies in rice. This problem must be taken into account for the development of new transgenic or nontransgenic rice technologies.
O desenvolvimento de genótipos comerciais de arroz resistentes a herbicidas do grupo químico das imidazolinonas proporcionou uma ferramenta eficaz para o controle seletivo do arroz-vermelho (Oryza sativa) em cultivo de arroz irrigado. Contudo, o uso contínuo dessa tecnologia pode favorecer o desenvolvimento de populações de arroz-vermelho resistentes aos herbicidas utilizados para o seu controle. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a ocorrência de populações de arroz-vermelho resistentes aos herbicidas imidazolinonas, por meio de curvas de dose-resposta, através do fator de resistência (FR). Populações de arroz-vermelho não controladas (escapes) advindas de lavouras de arroz cultivado no sistema Clearfield® no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul foram avaliadas em casa de vegetação na sua sensibilidade ao herbicida Only (imazethapyr + imazapic - 75 + 25 g L-1). O resultado de resposta às doses do herbicida confirma a resistência em 56% das populações de arroz-vermelho, as quais podem ser agrupadas em baixo (FR = 5,2) e alto (FR = 11,6) níveis de resistência às imidazolinonas.
-The resistance of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) to imidazolinone herbicides is a worldwide problem in paddy fields. A rapid diagnosis is required for the selection of adequate prevention and control practices. The objectives of this study were to develop expedite bioassays to identify the resistance to imidazolinone herbicides in barnyardgrass and to evaluate the efficacy of alternative herbicides for the post-emergence control of resistant biotypes. Three experiments were conducted to develop methods for diagnosis of resistance to imazethapyr and imazapyr + imazapic in barnyardgrass at the seed, seedling and tiller stages, and to carry out a pot experiment to determine the efficacy of six herbicides applied at post-emergence in 13 biotypes of barnyardgrass resistant to imidazolinones. The seed soaking bioassay was not able to differentiate the resistant and susceptible biotypes. The resistance of barnyardgrass to imidazolinones was effectively discriminated in the seedlings and tiller bioassays seven days after incubation at the concentrations of 0.001 and 0.0001 mM, respectively, for both imazethapyr and imazapyr + imazapic. The biotypes identified as resistant to imidazolinones showed different patterns of susceptibility to penoxsulam, bispyribac-sodium and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, and were all controlled with profoxydim and cyhalofop-butyl. The seedling and tiller bioassays are effective in the diagnosis of barnyardgrass resistance to imidazolinone herbicides, providing an on-season opportunity to identify the need to use alternative herbicides to be applied at post-emergence for the control of the resistant biotypes.Keywords: bioassays, imazethapyr, imazapyr, imazapic, rice.RESUMO -A resistência de capim-arroz (Echinochloa crus-galli) aos herbicidas imidazolinonas é um problema crescente na cultura do arroz em diversas regiões do mundo, sendo necessário o seu diagnóstico rápido para a determinação de práticas de prevenção e controle. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram desenvolver métodos de identificação expedita da resistência de biótipos de capimarroz aos herbicidas imidazolinonas e avaliar a eficácia de herbicidas alternativos para o seu controle em pós-emergência. Para isso, foram conduzidos três experimentos visando o desenvolvimento de métodos de diagnóstico da resistência aos herbicidas imazethapyr e imazapyr + imazapic em plantas de capim-arroz nos estádios de semente, plântula e perfilhos, bem como um experimento para determinar a eficácia de seis herbicidas em pós-emergência no controle de 13 biótipos de capim-arroz resistentes às imidazolinonas. A resistência de capim-arroz a imidazolinonas foi discriminada de forma eficiente MATZENBACHER, F.O. et al.Planta Daninha, Viçosa-MG, v. 31, n. 3, p. [645][646][647][648][649][650][651][652][653][654][655][656] 2013 646 nos experimentos com plântulas e perfilhos aos sete dias após a incubação nas concentrações de 0,001 e 0,0001 mM, respectivamente, para os herbicidas imazethapyr e imazapyr + imazapic. Os biótipos identificados como resis...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.