:Water availability is declining and the demand is increasing, leaving the gap between these two more wide day by day. Quantifying the elements of hydrologic processes at micro watershed scale and at weekly or monthly temporal scale is the prerequisite for water resources development of a locality. Hydrologic modeling is a very powerful technique in planning water resources of a locality. Valancheri watershed, which is a sub basin of Bharathapuzha river basin, Kerala is taken for the study. As the study watershed is ungauged one, calibration was done for Kunthipuzha basin which is having similar characteristics with the study area and the calibrated parameters were transferred to the study watershed (Regionalization technique).
Quality of agriculture drain water was assessed from selected locations in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Waste water samples collected from agriculture drains were analysed for quality parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, chlorides, carbonates, bicarbonates, calcium, magnesium, sulphates, phosphates, sodium, potassium, ammonical nitrogen, nitrates nitrogen, dissolved oxygen and chemical oxygen demand. Piper diagram, water quality indices such as sodium adsorption ratio, percent sodium, residual sodium carbonate, magnesium ratio, permeability index and potential salinity were used to assess the suitability of drain water for irrigation. The EC values of water samples ranged from 0.57-5.01 dS/m with an average value of 1.27 dS/m. Water of 16 agriculture drains were found to be unsuitable for irrigation with regard to percent sodium (%Na) and 6 drains with regard to potential salinity.
Present study entitled was carried out in field irrigation lab, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Aditya Engineering College, Surampalem. In the present experiment locally available agricultural substrate paddy straw, sugarcane bagasse and cocopeat were tested with black soil and farm yard manner as casing materials. For parameters such as days required for spawn run, pinhead formation, harvest days, total yield and biological efficiency were determined. Significant results were obtained for all the experimental parameters and also for the stem length and cap diameter. Best substrate found was the paddy straw in the recent experiment with days required for spawn run (14 days), pin head formation (11.2 days), days for first harvest(50 days), stem length (8.07 cm), capdiameter (8.67 cm), first harvest (489.45 gm), second harvest (453.68 gm), total yield (925.24 gm), biological efficiency (94.31%). The next best in the order was coco peat followed by sugarcane bagasse. Hence this study confirms the suitability of paddy straw for cultivation to mushroom growers and farmyard manure with 15 cm casing thickness as substrate for its cultivation for achieving higher yield. The benefit cost ratio was estimated as 1.57.
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