Individual field operations such as ploughing, clod breaking, stubble clearance and leveling are necessary for the preparation of even and fine seed bed. These operations consume time and labor which become more economical. Strip tillage, direct paddy sowing, Zero tillage, requires minimum soil manipulation and no tillage respectively, where there incur reduced cost of operation. Timely sowing and proper weed control results in bringing out good returns. Farmers have many options for choosing equipment that is required to grow and harvest a crop. Farmers may own their own equipment, lease it, or have the field operations completed using custom operators. Considering the above facts and importance of paddy, in-order to reduce cost of cultivation a multi crop roto drill cum herbicide applicator was developed by combining three varied machines such as rotovator, seed drill and herbicide applicant or equipment at College of Agricultural Engineering, Bapatla. A tractor drawn roto drill cum herbicide sprayer was developed, evaluated and compared its cost economics with individual operations. Roto drill is the combination of rotavator, seed hopper and rocker sprayer pump. It pulverizes the soil, drills the seed and applies herbicide in single pass of tractor. The cost activity of multi crop roto drill cum herbicide applicator for performing three tasks was estimated as Rs/h. 641.00. While the individual costs of operation for tillage, sowing and herbicide application were computed as Rs/h. 571.00, 540.00 and 95.00 respectively. The cost of operation per one hour for developed multi crop roto drill cum herbicide applicator was 46.72% less when compared with costs of individual tasks.

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Land Use Land Cover (LULC) dynamics must be monitored and mapped because changes in land cover reflect the state of the ecosystem and provide a clear picture of optimal natural resource utilization. The goal of this study was to use Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System techniques to classify and map LULC in the study area. This research is divided into two sections: (1) LULC classification and (2) Accuracy assessment. Between the years 2002 and 2020, satellite remote sensing data was acquired from the United States Geological Survey and analyzed using Arc GIS 10.1 software. The study region was divided into six major LULC types: agricultural land, built up area, barren land, forest and sediment using the likelihood classified approach and quantifying the changes throughout the time period indicated. According to the findings, Settlement area increased from 1.22 % in 2002 to 10.8 % in 2020, barren land increased from 7.58 % to 12.96 % in the same period, agricultural area decreased from 21.83 % in 2002 to 18.53 % in 2020, and forest cover decreased from 8.9 % to 2% in the same period, according to the findings. In the years 2002 and 2020, overall efficiency was 77.61 % and 73 %, respectively. In the years 2002 and 2020, the kappa coefficient was 0.67 and 0.66, respectively. Significant land cover change occurred throughout the research period as a result of increased settlement area and aquaculture land, and these changes in land cover led to forest and agricultural land degradation.

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