This paper attempts to assess motion events in Ilami Kurdish through Talmy’s binary typology (1985. Lexicalization patterns: Semantic structure in lexical forms. In Timothy Shopen (ed.),
The studies regarding information structure and its distribution in sentences are traced back to works of Prague School linguists such as Mathesius in 1920s. Recently, the issue of information structure has been dealt with by functionalists. In Role and Reference Grammar (RRG), information structure constitutes one of the main components of syntax. In this theory, information structure is mainly based on the Lambrechtiyan information structure which regards the formal structure of sentences as highly related to the discourse-pragmatic functions. Information structure investigates the way information is structured in clauses and sentences. This paper aims at dealing with information structure in interrogative sentences according to RRG. At first a brief introduction to works on information structure and RRG is presented. Then the theory is applied briefly to Persian language declaratives and dominantly to interrogatives.
The objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship holding between metaphor and cultural models within the context of interlingual translation. More specifically, the paper seeks to ascertain the extent to which metaphors which are dependent on cultural models are translatable. For this purpose, we draw on the concept of 'experiential equivalence' in the case of metaphor translation and on that of cultural models as intersubjective manifestations of culture in the speaker's mind. By way of elucidation, four Persian poetic texts by Khayyam and their English translations by Fitzgerald are examined in detail. Finally, this paper tries to propose a new definition of metaphor equivalence in translation.
Object indexation is a grammatical phenomenon in which a clitic pronoun, co-referential with the free nominal object, appends to the verb. Optionality of indexation in Persian leads us to consider the role of pragmatic factors in its occurring. The present study aims at investigating the influence of information structure on direct object indexation in Persian. To do this, the data of standard spoken Persian including 540 cases were extracted from various resources and then analyzed within the framework of Role and Reference Grammar. The high frequency of topical direct object indexation confirms the role of information structure in direct object indexation. Analyzing the few cases of focal direct object indexation indicated that all cases of both topical and focal object indexation necessarily involve identifiable referents. Hence, the basic requirement in direct object indexation in Persian is identifiability of its referent. Considering the syntactic position of direct object in Persian clauses shows strong overlap of topical and focal objects. The post-core slot only belongs to the topical direct object and focal object cannot be placed there. Therefore, in order to identify the pragmatic relations of direct object in a clause, considering the context of the discourse is highly important.
Abstract-The aim of this article is to establish the present perfect functions syntactically and semantically in Persian. Taking the definition of perfect, typically functioning to express anteriority or perfect aspect, the authors analyzed this construction in Persian in terms of function, meaning, and usage. Using functionaltypological approach, the category of perfect was analyzed in regards to form, composition, meaning, expression, and its specific uses in Persian in order to determine its fundamental functions and meanings. From a synchronic point of view, the resultative, experiential and current-relevance meanings of this construction could be covered from the compound verb form. The discussion on the meanings of the Persian compound form of present perfect was based on the analysis of its occurrences in contemporary spoken standard texts, including movies, talk shows, and TV serials as well as written texts and the authors' intuitions, in rare cases. Fundamental to the present study were three assumptions: First, a closer look at the data indicates that there are both temporal and aspectual tendencies in this construction. Second, the findings lend support to the claim that indirect information, usually described under the label of evidentiality in many contexts, is a part of their functions. Third, a modified version of Kyparsky's theory of event structure is used and we promote the idea of "hierarchical structure" for the Persian perfect functions where the current relevance of a prior event is the main function and other functions are entailed from this.
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