A systematic methodology is described for calculating structured residuals with high fault diagnostic capabilities for detecting sensor and actuators failures. The effort addresses implementation issues for real-time applications such as residual computation complexity and sensitivity to measurement noise. These specific requirements have been rigorously introduced through a cost function measuring the quality of the residual signal. A structural analysis approach of the nonlinear model of the system in conjunction with the unknown variables elimination method is used to derive subsets of residual equations. An algorithm is proposed for selecting the residual equations with maximum "failure isolability" and minimum cost, according to the selected performance criteria. The methodology has been applied to the design of a real-time residual generator for a nonlinear model of a remotely controlled semi-scale YF-22 research aircraft.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLEand low survival, lung cancer is the most common cause of death from cancer worldwide with 1.59 million deaths, more than 1 million in men and 491,000 in women (1). In Europe, it is the third most common cause of cancer, after breast and prostate cancer (1).The epidemiology of lung cancer is changing in many areas of the world in terms of incidence by gender, age class and histological type (3, 4). Different histological subtypes are linked to different risk factors; for example, outdoor particulate matter has been recognized as a stronger risk factor for adenocarcinoma of the lung than for other histologies, while smoking has been associated in the past mainly with squamous cell carcinoma. However, because of the dissemination of low-tar filter cigarettes, smoking has been hypothesized to be linked also with adenocarcinoma (3). Lung cancer appears to have biologically different characteristics in men and women. The histological distribution of lung cancer subtypes is distinctly different and female smokers are more likely to develop adenocarcinoma of the lung than squamous cell carcinoma, which is more common in men (4). However, the differences in incidence rates between men and women are mainly attributable to the different exposure to tobacco smoking (3).
Background Early diagnosis of breast, colon, rectum and prostate cancers improves health outcomes. Low socioeconomic status (SES) is related to advanced stages at diagnosis; inequalities could explain differences in outcomes by age. The influence of SES, age and residence area on staging was explored in the Umbrian population. Methods 2001-2010 cases were geo-coded by census tract of residence. Stage distribution or Gleason score were analyzed by multilevel multinomial logistic regression with age and SES as the fixed effects and census tract as the random-effect.
ResultsFor breast and colorectal cancers, the screening age class was advantaged. For breast, age effect was modulated by deprivation and census tract. In the elderly, the richest were advantaged, the poorest disadvantaged; issues emerged for the young. For colon, age effect is modulated by census tract in early stages and deprivation in late stages. The elderly were disadvantaged; the young and the deprived had more stages IV. About rectum, age effect was modulated by deprivation in the late stages. The elderly were disadvantaged; the young and the deprived presented more stages IV. For prostate, age effect was modulated by deprivation and census tract.The intermediate age class was advantaged, the elderly disadvantaged.
ConclusionAge was not always the determinant of a delayed staging when SES was considered. For breast and colorectal cancers, issues of delayed diagnosis emerged in the young. If the care center was near the residence, the census tract modified the stage at diagnosis. These results are useful to reduce SES barriers by specific programs adapted to the age of the patient and area of residence.
Comparison of different indices in evaluating the association between socio-economic (SE) inequalities and disease is important to select the most efficient indicators for intervention policies. Therefore, SE indices of different methodological inspiration were compared to analyse the effects of deprivation on cancer mortality by cause at local levels. Four indices, two drawn from the European Deprivation Index (EDI) for Italy and two from the Italian Deprivation Index (IDI), were computed for Umbria region and Genoa city by two different techniques (classification by quintiles vs. by normalization). A fifth one, the Socio-Health Deprivation Index (SHDI), was calculated and normalised specifically for the studied populations. ANOVA with F-test (p < 0.05) measured the statistical significance of cancer deaths by socio-economic status defined by the different methods. Colorectal, lung, prostate, breast and hematologic cancers were analysed by gender using the above indices. Results obtained from EDI and SHDI reproduced associations between SE and cancer mortality reported in scientific literature better than IDI (e.g., the linear negative trends emerging for breast and prostate). This is probably due to their computing procedure (bottom-up selection of the index variables). Most of differences derived from the clustering choice. In fact, the normalisation improved the performances of both the EDI and the IDI. Normalised EDI and the SHDI better identified the needs of populations in sociohealth intervention fields. Nevertheless, for a deeper comprehension of association between deprivation and disease distribution by strata of age and gender, the contemporary use of all the indices is advisable.
In this paper some results of an ongoing research * the whole system may be expendible and therefore must program on Mini UAV control are reported. It is proposed a be cheap. simple control scheme that can be implemented on a low costlow weight UAV, with limited feedback information. The control scheme is composed of feedforward term, which generates the trim control commands for the particular mission, and a decoupled feedback controller to stabilize the flight around the trajectory. The performance of the proposed scheme have been evaluated by simulation in various flight conditions.
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