The article examines the current state and trends of investing in the development of renewable energy sources and waste-free biogas technologies in agriculture. Investing in biogas plants for large agricultural enterprises solves several problems at once. One of the most important is the processing of waste, which is especially important for livestock complexes. The volumes of global investments in renewable energy sources and biofuels in 2011–2021 are analyzed and determined that 2021 was a record year in terms of total investment in the energy transition, and in terms of investment in renewable energy and biofuels. China and Europe remain the leaders in investing in renewable energy and biofuels in 2021. In recent years, there has been an upward trend in domestic investment in renewable energy and biofuels, but their volumes are still at a low level. Investing in any market, regardless of the presence of international representatives on it and the probable inclination of the business to risk, is a rather difficult decision. The initial stage in deciding to enter the Ukrainian market, the investor must choose and develop a clear and unambiguous investment strategy through a thorough risk assessment. Three possible scenarios for an investor to enter the renewable energy and biofuels market have been identified: creation of a new company from scratch (greenfield), acquisition of an existing company; acquisition of existing production. Also, on the basis of the most cost-effective scenario – the creation of a new company from scratch (greenfield) – an assessment of the economic efficiency of investing in waste-free biogas technologies in agriculture was carried out. Based on the results of the study, five areas have been identified to stimulate investment in renewable energy sources in general and biogas waste-free technologies in particular. Increased investment in the renewable energy sector will allow Ukraine to produce additional volumes of electricity that can be exported to Europe in exchange for Russian energy resources. Despite global trends, many investors have suspended support for renewable energy projects due to the state’s failure to fulfill its obligations and the retrospective reduction of “green” tariffs without launching an alternative in the form of “green” auctions.
In modern economic conditions, which are characterized by an increase in the impact on the environment, an increase in its pollution, the issue of introducing fundamentally new approaches to the implementation of the production process is extremely relevant.A significant place in the processes of eco-destructive impact on the environment is occupied by pollution of atmospheric air, water basins and soils due to the formation and storage of agricultural waste. At present, the problem of accumulation of agricultural waste is becoming extremely important. It is agricultural waste that generates the largest amount of greenhouse gases that have a significant eco-destructive impact on the environment.According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) [1], agriculture and livestock in particular is the second largest sector emitter by emissions of greenhouse gases. Thus, livestock production produces about 18% of all anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in the world, in particular, methane emissions from this industry account for about 16% of the total annual emissions in the world, nitrous oxide – 17% of the total annual volume; as well as a number of other environmentally harmful substances and compounds.For Ukraine, the issue of pollution from agriculture is extremely relevant, given the role of the agro-industrial complex in the country’s economy. According to the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, in 2020 Ukraine exported agricultural products worth $18.8 billion, which is almost 40% of all national exports. Among the livestock products, the largest part in Ukraine’s exports is occupied by poultry products. According to the Ukrainian Club of Agrarian Business, in the first half of 2021, 51 thousand tons of chicken were imported, which is 18% more than in the same period last year. In value terms, chicken imports amount to about $22 million [2].As a result of the activities of poultry farms, there is a powerful pollution of atmospheric air, water and soil. During the life of one chicken, 0.2-0.3 kg of litter is produced daily, a significant accumulation of waste from this industry without rational approaches to their disposal leads to an increase in the environmental burden on the environment.
The purpose of the study is to substantiate the economic efficiency of the use of waste-free technologies in the agro-industrial complex to achieve the energy and environmental safety of the branch. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was formed by the results of fundamental national and foreign research on the problems of agro-industrial production. The subject of scientific work is the theoretical, methodological and practical foundations of the current state of development of waste-free technologies in Ukraine. The research was based on the following methods: a systematic approach – for study the links between phenomena and processes of subjects of waste-free agro-industrial production; dialectical – for consider phenomena in their relationship and development, in particular when considering the processes of combination, specialization, concentration, cooperation in the organization of waste-free agro-industrial production; theoretical generalization and comparison – for the development of the conceptual apparatus; various techniques of the economic and statistical method (statistical observation, comparison, tabular, graphical) – for the development of a visual illustration of the phenomena under study; abstract-logical – to summarize research results and formulate research conclusions. The monograph substantiates the relevance and potential of introducing waste-free production technologies, the introduction of which will significantly reduce the cost of production and increase the profitability indicator, stimulate the development of autonomous entrepreneurship, and improve the state of the country’s environmental and energy security. The dynamics of the volume of generated and utilized agricultural waste in Ukraine in 2017–2020 has been analyzed and it was determined that no more than 30% of waste is disposed of, the share of which has been rapidly decreasing in recent years. It has been substantiated that the most promising direction for introducing waste-free technologies at agricultural enterprises is the production of biogas from organic waste (agrobiomass). It is noted that agricultural waste, mainly animal waste, such as manure, chicken droppings, can be an additional source of replenishing the energy balance of agricultural enterprises and ensuring the energy security of the region. Recycling organic waste from production and consumption in a biogas plant is an economically and environmentally optimal solution. At the same time, the products formed as a result of waste disposal (biogas, digestat) help to solve the problem of meeting the need for certain categories of material resources, namely energy and fertilizers, which will increase production volumes, provided that the use of natural resources decreases. The study is based on the main tasks of the research work of young scientists “Development of a new concept for the use of agricultural waste to ensure the energy autonomy of agricultural enterprises”, state registration number 0119U100786.
The article explores the economic essence of the concept of “waste-free technologies” and it was determined that the main idea of waste-free production is the conversion of residues of secondary raw materials and waste obtained in the production process into finished products, which is able to bring economic benefits to the enterprise. Has been analyzed the dynamics of the volume of generated and utilized agricultural waste in Ukraine in 2010-2019. And it was determined that no more than 30% of waste is disposed of, the share of which has been rapidly decreasing in recent years. It was noted that the agro-industrial complex is one of the material-intensive and high-waste sectors of the economy, which accounts for a significant part of greenhouse gas emissions - more than 12%. It is concluded that the introduction of waste-free production technologies in agricultural enterprises of Ukraine will not only reduce the amount of waste generated and their impact on the environment, but it is also a source of income by replenishing the energy balance of enterprises. Attention is paid to the most promising direction for the introduction of waste-free technologies at agricultural enterprises - the production of biogas from organic waste (biomass). It is noted that agricultural waste, mainly animal waste, such as manure, chicken droppings, can be an additional source of replenishing the energy balance of agricultural enterprises and ensuring the energy security of the region. Have been analyzed the volumes of animal waste generation in Ukraine and the potential for biogas production from manure in Ukraine in 2020. A sample of the 10 largest biogas plants in Ukraine was carried out and the further development of the bioenergy sector in 2050 in terms of biogas production was predicted. 6 main environmental effects from the introduction of biogas complexes in Ukraine were identified. The main directions of the European Green Deal are characterized and the key areas of harmonization of domestic legislation on waste management are given with European ones.
The article is devoted to the consideration of approaches and substantiation of environmental methods to the development of waste-free production of agricultural enterprises of Ukraine.The essence of the concept of ecologistics is revealed and the author's vision of the interpretation of the concept of «ecologistics of agricultural enterprises», according to which the ecology of a modern agricultural enterprise is an innovative direction of logistics, which is associated with the collection, transportation, processing, disposal or safe storage of waste, formed during agricultural production in order to minimize environmental pollution, reduce or minimize the consumption of depleted natural resources and increase the efficiency of logistics resources. It is proposed to divide the flows of agricultural waste to the enterprise according to the typology of product areas. It is determined that the direction of ecology is a means of transition to the model of circular economy by domestic agricultural enterprises and it is established that the development and financing of technological innovative solutions in the field of ecology will reduce the total cost of environmental measures and at the same time increase their value. An analysis of the volume of investments in environmental equipment and equipment by agricultural enterprises of Ukraine in 2018–2020. The activity of the MKhP biogas complex in the direction of using the principles of ecology and introduction of waste-free production technologies is characterized.In 2020, direct greenhouse gas emissions from MKhP’s production activities in Ukraine decreased by 2.18% due to energy saving measures and reduced consumption of gasoline and diesel fuel. It is investigated that the total fuel consumption in 2020 fell by 2.98% compared to 2019 due to energy efficiency measures, increased biogas production and obtaining a green electricity tariff. The economic, ecological and social effects of the use of ecology in ensuring waste-free agricultural production are determined.
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