Objective: Assessment of a possible relationship between perception of satiety and diet-induced thermogenesis, with different macronutrient compositions, in a controlled situation over 24 h. Design: Two diets with different macronutrient compositions were offered to all subjects in randomized order. Setting: The study was executed in the respiration chambers at the department of Human Biology, Maastricht University. Subjects: Subjects were eight females, ages 23 ± 33 y, BMI 23 AE3 kgam 2 , recruited from University staff and students.Interventions: Subjects were fed in energy balance, with proteinacarbohydrateafat: 29a61a10 and 9a30a61 percentage of energy, with ®xed meal sizes and meal intervals, and a ®xed activity protocol, during 36 h experiments in a respiration chamber. The appetite pro®le was assessed by questionnaires during the day and during meals. Diet induced thermogenesis was determined as part of the energy expenditure. Results: Energy balance was almost complete, with non-signi®cant deviations. Diet-Induced-Thermogenesis (DIT) was 14.6 AE2.9%, on the high proteinacarbohydrate diet, and 10.5 AE3.8% on the high fat diet (P`0.01). With the high proteinahigh carbohydrate diet, satiety was higher during meals (P`0.001; P`0.05), as well as over 24 h (P`0.001), than with the high fat diet. Within one diet, 24 h DIT and satiety were correlated (r 0.6; P`0.05). The difference in DIT between the diets correlated with the differences in satiety (r 0.8; P`0.01). Conclusion: In lean women, satiety and DIT were synchronously higher with a high proteinahigh carbohydrate diet than with a high fat diet. Differences (due to the different macronutrient compositions) in DIT correlated with differences in satiety over 24 h.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of diet composition on diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) over 24 h in a respiration chamber. SUBJECTS: Eight healthy female volunteers (age 27 AE 3 y; body mass index, BMI 23 AE 3 kgam 2 ). DIETS: A high protein and carbohydrate (HPaC) (60:10:30; percentage energy (E%)carbohydrate, fat and protein, respectively) and high fat (HF) (30:60:10 respectively) diet, both isoenergetic, isovolumetric, composed of normal food items and matched for organoleptic properties (taste, smell, appearance). DESIGN: Subjects spent two 36 h periods each in a respiration chamber consuming both test diets in random order. Components of 24 h energy expenditure (24 h EE): sleeping metabolic rate, DIT and activity induced energy expenditure were measured. RESULTS: DIT was higher in all subjects while on the HPaC diet (1295 kJad vs 931 kJad; 14.6% vs 10.5% of energy intake; P`0.02). There was no signi®cant difference in other components or total 24 h EE, although there was a trend towards higher EE on the HPaC diet. CONCLUSION: A high protein and carbohydrate diet induces a greater thermic response in healthy individuals when compared to a high fat diet.

A wide range of vitamins and minerals can be added safely to foods at nutritionally important levels in the current diets of Europeans.

Use of the weight of various organs and tissues together with their specific metabolic activity for prediction of basal metabolism (BM) seems to be promising. In this study we compared the use of this method with those based on simple or multiple regression analyses. We observed that 97.4% of differences in BM in a group of nine adult male Wistar rats weighing 273--517 g could be accounted for by changes in tissue and organ weights. BM measured in lean Zucker and Sprague-Dawley rats did not diverge from the prediction of the model by >1.6%. According to the organ-based model as well as multiple regression analyses, but not simple regression analyses, BM was increased 18--21% in young rats, decreased 6--7% in food restricted/refed rats, and decreased 19--21% in aged rats. Only with obese rats did the predictions of the two methods diverge. The main reason for this discrepancy seems to be the way adipose tissue size and metabolism are taken into account.

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In obese rats, basal metabolism and postprandial lipid oxidation increased during butter feeding, which appeared to prevent fat accumulation in the long term. In lean rats, butter feeding favored lipid utilization by working muscles, an observation that deserves further investigation in terms of endurance and performance.

Peptide neurotoxins found in animal venoms have gained great interest in the field of neurotransmission. As they are high affinity ligands for calcium, potassium and sodium channels, they have become useful tools for studying channel structure and activity. Peptide neurotoxins represent the clinical potential of ion-channel modulators across several therapeutic fields, especially in developing new strategies for treatment of ion channel-related diseases. The aim of this review is to overview the latest updates in the domain of peptide neurotoxins that affect voltage-gated calcium channels, with a special focus on ω-agatoxins.

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