Chronic or complex childhood trauma, such as abuse, neglect, exposure to violence or parental criminality, is strongly associated with the development of criminal behaviors later in life. This paper presents the Intergenerational Trauma Treatment Model (ITTM), a 21-session, manualized intervention designed to ameliorate the impact of chronic trauma on children's development. Treatment proceeds in three phases: psychoeducational group sessions for parents; individual sessions to address parental trauma impact; and finally child and parent intervention to address trauma-related behaviors and symptoms and promote stronger parentchild relations. Unique features of the ITTM include attention to intergenerational patterns of trauma transmission and focus on parents as the key agents of change for their children.

A review of the available research on child witnesses of faro@ violence reveals inconsistent results. It is proposed that this is due in part to

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