RESUMO: O tempo de deslocamento de casa ao trabalho tem se elevado substancialmente nas regiões metropolitanas brasileiras durante a última década. Esse fenômeno tem implicações fortes sobre o bem-estar dos indivíduos, porém as consequências desse problema não se distribuem uniformemente entre a população. O presente trabalho visa contribuir para o debate sobre a questão da mobilidade urbana nas metrópoles brasileiras analisando a evolução do tempo de deslocamento entre 1992 e 2013 e suas diferenças de acordo com características do trabalhador, como sexo, cor e renda per capita, e do posto de trabalho. Verifica-se que o aumento do tempo médio de deslocamento ocorreu a partir de 2003, caracterizando uma questão particularmente importante para as metrópoles brasileiras no terceiro milênio. Os trabalhadores com maiores tempos médios de deslocamento residem nas regiões metropolitanas do Rio de Janeiro e de São Paulo. Entretanto, as maiores taxas de crescimento ocorreram nas metrópoles do Pará, Salvador e Recife, sugerindo a necessidade de melhor direcionamento e planejamento de políticas públicas na mobilidade urbana. Considerando as diferenças socioeconômicas, destaca-se que os mais pobres e os mais ricos (extremos da distribuição de renda) tendem a apresentar tempos de deslocamento menores do que os trabalhadores de famílias de renda média. Esse padrão se mantém ao longo do tempo, com aumento do tempo médio de deslocamento entre os mais pobres, mostrando uma face da desigualdade. Porém, o maior aumento ocorreu entre os mais ricos, colocando a questão da mobilidade urbana para além dos problemas de exclusão social.PalavRaS-chavE: mobilidade urbana; tempo de deslocamento; região metropolitana; mercado de trabalho.claSSIFIcaÇÃO JEl: J61; R41.
Este artigo analisa as características, tendências e determinantes da mobilidade urbana na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, de forma comparativa a outras metrópoles brasileiras. Para tanto, utiliza-se o indicador de tempo gasto no deslocamento de casa ao trabalho, explorando o Censo 2010, e o peso do gasto com transporte urbano na renda familiar, a partir das Pesquisas de Orçamento Familiar (POF) do IBGE de 2002/2003 e 2008/2009. A RMRJ tem elevado peso do gasto no orçamento familiar e alta proporção de trabalhadores que gastam mais de uma hora no trajeto de casa ao trabalho. Para os moradores do entorno da capital e para a população de baixa renda, a situação do Rio é a pior quando comparada às outras regiões e as diferenças aumentam ao longo do tempo, se distanciando do padrão de Curitiba. Mesmo após considerar as diferenças nas características das famílias, o modelo estimado mostra que os coeficientes da RMRJ são os mais elevados do país.
Over the last half-century, the role of women in society has changed substantially. However, the gender income gap and the difference in labor force participation persist.Other authors introduced the concept of identity from sociology and social psychology at the economic analysis and, based on this, we search less traditional factors for understanding this persistence. Extending analysis of others, we analyze the impact of gender social norms, focusing on the prescription that "a man should earn more than his wife" on social and economic results. Based on the Censuses for 1991, 2000, and 2010 we observed that for only 7 percent of married couples does the wife earn more than her husband. We found evidence that the wives with greater probability of earning more than their husbands are less likely to participate in the labor force. Once she does participate in the labor force, she has a higher probability of earning less than her potential income, working fewer hours, and having an informal job.---
A significant change in the structure of employment in Brazil in the period 1988-95 took place. Industrial employment fell, especially in the most traditional sectors such as clothing, textiles and footwear. There has been a shift of workers from the industrial sector to the services sector and an increase in the share of self-employed workers and informal wage earners. The quality of jobs being created in the services sector are not of the same 'quality' as those in the industrial sector, leading to a deterioration of employment conditions and of the labour market performance. Hence the rate of unemployment is not a very good measure of labour market conditions during adjustment. The creation of jobs in general might therefore not be an explicit target under adjustment. Rather the objective should be trying to change labour market institutions in order to improve the quality of the jobs and the quality of the labour relations.
Over the last half-century, the role of women in society has changed substantially. However, the gender income gap and the difference in labour force participation persist. Akerlof and Kranton introduce the concept of identity from sociology and social psychology at the economic analysis; based on this we search less traditional factors for understanding this persistence. We extend the analysis proposed by Bertrand et al. for Brazil. Specifically, we analyse the impact of gender identity, focusing on the prescription that 'a man should earn more than his wife' on social and economic results. Based on the Censuses for 1991, 2000, and 2010 we observed that for only 7 per cent of married couples does the wife earn more than her husband. We found evidence that the wives with greater probability of earning more than their husbands are less likely to participate in the labour force. Once she does participate in the labour force, she has a higher probability of earning less than her potential income, working fewer hours, and having an informal job.
This article examines the criteria for classification between unemployment and non-participation in the labor force. We analyze the behavior of a non-employed subgroup, called marginally attached to the labor market (those who are not working or searching for a job in the reference week, but are willing to work), to test whether the transitions are similar to either the unemployed or to those non attached to the labor market. We observed that this group is behaviorally distinct and could be considered an intermediate state between the unemployed and those non-participating in the labor force, although closer to the unemployed.Keywords: Unemployment; Non-participation; Transition matrix; Labor market. ResumoO trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a validade dos métodos correntes de distinção entre o desemprego e a inatividade. Para isso, aplica-se uma abordagem empírica baseada no comportamento de uma categoria dos inativos denominados marginalmente ativos, isto é, indivíduos que não estão ocupados e não procuram trabalho, porém têm o desejo de trabalhar. Buscou-se testar se os fluxos entre os estados de atividade e inatividade dos marginalmente ativos são comportamentalmente idênticos aos dos desempregados ou "realmente" inativos. Como resultado, verificouse que as pessoas inativas que desejam trabalhar têm claramente um comportamento distinto daqueles que não procuram e nem desejam trabalhar, estando mais próximas do estado de desemprego.Palavras-chave: Desemprego; Inatividade: Matriz de transição; Mercado de trabalho. JEL classification: J60.
While low pay is prevalent in developing countries, the issue has not been studied in depth. To help fill this gap, the authors use panel data on six Brazilian metropolitan areas for the years 2002–09 to investigate the incidence, permanence and profile of low‐paid employment. Over the period, low‐paid work declined from 24.4 to 21.5 per cent of total wage employment. As in high‐income countries, the probability of being low‐paid was greater for women, non‐whites, younger workers and those with fewer years of education. A mobility analysis shows that job experience improved labour market prospects, even for low‐paid wage earners.
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