O presente estudo avaliou a atividade física em uma amostra probabilística de 4.331 indivíduos com 12 anos ou mais, moradores no Município do Rio de Janeiro, que participaram de um inquérito domiciliar em 1996. Ocupação e lazer foram agrupados segundo categorias de gasto energético. Horas assistindo televisão ou utilizando computador ou video game foram também avaliadas. Somente 3,6% dos homens e 0,3% das mulheres referiram ocupação pesada. Entre os homens 59,8% referiram que nunca realizavam atividade física de lazer e entre as mulheres este percentual foi de 77,8%, ocorrendo um importante aumento desta prevalência com a idade, principalmente para homens. Mulheres realizam atividades de lazer de menor gasto energético do que os homens e com duração mediana também menor. Para horas assistindo televisão/vídeo/computador a média diária foi maior para as mulheres do que para os homens. Quanto maior o grau de escolaridade, maior a freqüência de atividade física de lazer em ambos os sexos. Analisados em conjunto, estes dados mostram o baixo gasto energético da população do Município do Rio de Janeiro com atividade física, sendo que as mulheres, os grupos de meia idade e idosos e os de baixa escolaridade apresentam um maior risco de não realizar atividade física de lazer.
Supramolecular peptide hydrogels have many important applications in biomedicine, including drug delivery applications for the sustained release of therapeutic molecules. Targeted and selective drug administration is often preferential to systemic drug delivery, as it can allow reduced doses and can avoid the toxicity and side-effects caused by off-target binding. New discoveries are continually being reported in this rapidly developing field. In this review, we report the latest developments in supramolecular peptide-based hydrogels for drug delivery, focusing primarily on discoveries that have been reported in the last four years (2018–present). We address clinical points, such as peptide self-assembly and drug release, mechanical properties in drug delivery, peptide functionalization, bioadhesive properties and drug delivery enhancement strategies, drug release profiles, and different hydrogel matrices for anticancer drug loading and release.
Self-assembled peptide-based gels provide several advantages for technological applications. Recently, the co-assembly of gelators has been a strategy to modulate and tune gel properties and even implement stimuli-responsiveness. However, it still comprises limitations regarding the required library of compounds and outcoming properties. Hence, efforts have been made to combine peptide-based gels and (in)organic composites (e.g., magnetic nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, liposomes, graphene, silica, clay, titanium dioxide, cadmium sulfide) to endow stimuli-responsive materials and achieve suitable properties in several fields ranging from optoelectronics to biomedical. Herein, we discuss the recent developments with composite peptide-based gels including the fabrication, tunability of gels’ properties, and challenges on (bio)technological applications.
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