The use of seaweed as plant biostimulants is a solution for sustainable agriculture. The present study aims to quantify and compare the presence of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in four genetically labeled macroalgae growing in the Ionian Sea. Species were selected because they produce abundant biomass, disturbing ecological equilibrium and anthropic activities. We measured the content of gibberellic acid (GA3), kinetin (KN), indoleacetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA) and indole butyric acid (IBA). The method applied was modified from the literature to obtain simultaneously different PGRs from seaweed biomass in a shorter period of time. Among results, it is notable that Hypnea corona Huisman et Petrocelli (Rhodophyta) showed higher GA3 concentration, while in Spyridia filamentosa (Wulfen) Harvey (Rhodophyta), higher KN, IBA, IAA and ABA contents were recorded. The latter species displayed an interesting profile of PGRs, with an IAA value comparable with that reported in Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis (Ochrophyta), which is currently used as a source of plant biostimulants in agriculture. Macroalgae thrive abundantly in nutrient-rich environments, such as anthropized coastal areas affecting human economic activities. Consequently, environmental agencies are forced to dredge algal thalli and discard them as waste. Any use of unwanted biomass as an economic product is highly desirable in the perspective of ecosustainable development.
The use of biological models has been recognized as very important in nanoecotoxicology for 23 the understanding of Nanoparticle (NP) ecotoxicological effects. This study aimed to assess, 24 for the first time, the chronic toxicity of Zinc Oxide NPs (ZnO NPs) on survival and 25 reproductive traits of the marine copepod Tigriopus fulvus. Moults number, sex ratio, 26 developmental time of nauplius and copepodid, fecundity and hatching time were assessed as 27 sublethal endpoints. 28The results showed significant effects of ZnO NP exposure on all reproductive traits if 29 compared to the control (seawater without ZnO NPs). 30The mean number of nauplii per brood was significantly reduced already (p<0.05) at 0.10 31 mg/L and even fecundity (as mean total number of nauplii per female) was significantly 32 reduced at all ZnO NPs concentrations. A reduced number of broods per female were 33 recorded at all nZnO concentrations (0.05-0.1-0.15-0.2-0.25 mg/L), compared to control 34 (6.7±0.2), with the lowest value (2.8±0.3) at the highest concentration (ANOVA, p<0.05). 35This study evidenced the toxicity of ZnO NPs and the capacity to inhibit the reproductive 36 activity of the marine copepod T. fulvus. These results highlight the intrinsic risk in the use 37 and disposal of manufactured nanomaterials, as well as the importance of the research on the 38 NP toxicity to enhance risk management. Given the lack of reliable information on ecological 39 hazards and consequences of ZnO NPs, and particularly on its chronic toxicity to marine 40 species, a better and relevant understanding of the effects represents a priority.In the last decade nanoparticles (NPs), including zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), were 44 increasingly used in sunscreen products, paint, cosmetics, animal feeds and fertilizers, 45PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3276v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access |
The use of biological models has been recognized as very important in nanoecotoxicology for 23 the understanding of Nanoparticle (NP) ecotoxicological effects. This study aimed to assess, 24 for the first time, the chronic toxicity of Zinc Oxide NPs (ZnO NPs) on survival and 25 reproductive traits of the marine copepod Tigriopus fulvus. Moults number, sex ratio, 26 developmental time of nauplius and copepodid, fecundity and hatching time were assessed as 27 sublethal endpoints. 28The results showed significant effects of ZnO NP exposure on all reproductive traits if 29 compared to the control (seawater without ZnO NPs). 30The mean number of nauplii per brood was significantly reduced already (p<0.05) at 0.10 31 mg/L and even fecundity (as mean total number of nauplii per female) was significantly 32 reduced at all ZnO NPs concentrations. A reduced number of broods per female were 33 recorded at all nZnO concentrations (0.05-0.1-0.15-0.2-0.25 mg/L), compared to control 34 (6.7±0.2), with the lowest value (2.8±0.3) at the highest concentration (ANOVA, p<0.05). 35This study evidenced the toxicity of ZnO NPs and the capacity to inhibit the reproductive 36 activity of the marine copepod T. fulvus. These results highlight the intrinsic risk in the use 37 and disposal of manufactured nanomaterials, as well as the importance of the research on the 38 NP toxicity to enhance risk management. Given the lack of reliable information on ecological 39 hazards and consequences of ZnO NPs, and particularly on its chronic toxicity to marine 40 species, a better and relevant understanding of the effects represents a priority.In the last decade nanoparticles (NPs), including zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), were 44 increasingly used in sunscreen products, paint, cosmetics, animal feeds and fertilizers, 45PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3276v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access |
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