The Eurasian malaria vector Anopheles messeae is a widely spread and genetically diverse species. Five widespread polymorphic chromosomal inversions were found in natural populations of this mosquito. A cryptic species, Anopheles daciae, was differentiated from An. messeae by the presence of several nucleotide substitutions in the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) region of ribosomal DNA. However, because of the absence of a high-quality reference cytogenetic map, the inversion polymorphisms in An. daciae and An. messeae remain poorly understood. Moreover, a recently determined heterogeneity in ITS2 in An. daciae questioned the accuracy of the previously used Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) assay for species diagnostics. In this study, a standard-universal cytogenetic map was constructed based on orcein stained images of chromosomes from salivary glands for population studies of the chromosomal inversions that can be used for both An. messeae and An. daciae. In addition, a new ITS2-RFLP approach for species diagnostics was developed. Both methods were applied to characterize inversion polymorphism in populations of An. messeae and An. daciae from a single location in Western Siberia in Russia. The analysis demonstrates that cryptic species are remarkably different in their frequencies of chromosomal inversion variants. Our study supports previous observations that An. messeae has higher inversion polymorphism in all autosomes than the cryptic species An. daciae.
Dirofilariasis is a dangerous transmissible disease of carnivores and humans caused by two species of parasitic nematodes - Dirofilaria repens Railliet et Henry and D. immitis Leidy. The intermediate hosts of Dirofilariae are blood-sucking mosquitoes. Both species are typical of the mild climate of southern Europe, but in recent decades the parasites have spread to the north and northeast due to the global climate change. They have been registered in Western Siberia since 1989, and diro-filariasis cases in both animals and humans cause concern. To assess prospects for the spread of dirofilariasis and develop strategies to combat this disease, one has to determine the main mosquito vectors. Malaria mosquitos are the significant dirofilaria vectors in Europe, but there is a shortage of information on potential dirofilariasis vectors in Siberia. This paper is meant to estimate how extensive the invasion of different species of the malaria mosquitos D. repens and D. immitis is in the territory of Tomsk Region due to the global climate change. 64 samples of mosquitos from 36 localities of Tomsk Region were taken during the summer seasons of 2018 to 2020. Mosquitos were caught in stables, dissected to determine invasion via light microscopy. The species of malaria mosquitos and dirofilariae were identified through an ITS2 PCR-RFLP analysis (Artemov et al., 2021) and COI site-specific PCR (Rishniw et al., 1998), respectively. In total, the authors analyzed 7,591 female malaria mosquitos and 233 female non-malaria mosquitos, where 159 and 1 of them were infected with dirofilariae, respectively. They registered invasion in 44 samples from 21 localities, including the northernmost one - Strezhevoy town (60°44N, see Figure 1). Dirofilariasis is a common helminthiasis in Tomsk Region. The average invasion extensiveness is 2.1+0.2% in the region. In the natural populations of malaria mosquitos on the right bank of the River Ob, the invasion extensiveness is 3.7 times higher vs. the left bank of the Ob, despite the high transport accessibility of this bank (see Figure 2). Invasion extensiveness decreases from the south to the north, but the local conditions might disrupt this trend (see Table 3). Three species of malaria mosquitos - Anopheles daciae, An. messeae and An. beklemishevi (but not An. claviger) - are dirofilariasis vectors in Tomsk Region (see Table 1). South of 57° N, only D. repens and one mixed invasion case were found in An. daciae being the dominant species in this area. However, all the three species mainly invaded with D. repens were detected as vectors north of 57° N. One case of An. messeae invasion with the nematode D. immitis and mixed invasions of An. daciae and An. beklemishevi were found in Kolpashevo agglomeration. All the invasions with D. immitis (including mixed ones) were observed on the right bank of the Ob (see Table 2). The extensiveness of An. messeae and An. daciae invasion were significantly higher vs. An. beklemishevi, despite its domination north of 57° N. The northernmost location where an infective female of An. beklemishevi invaded with D. repens was found is Bolshaya Griva village at 59° N. Approximately 6.5% of the infected mosquitos had superinvasion - re-invasion with dirofilariae (see Figure 3). Thus, malaria mosquitos play a significant role in the circulation and, probably, the spread of dirofilariasis in Tomsk Region. Conclusion: 1. Dirofilariae are widespread within Tomsk Region. The northernmost border of the Dirofilaria repens spread is 60° 44' and that of D. immitis - 58° 32' N. The northernmost border of the D. repens transmission is 59° N. 2. The contribution made by malaria mosquitos to the spread of dirofilariasis in Tomsk Region is as high as that of other blood-sucking mosquitos. 3. Anopheles daciae, An. messeae and An. beklemishevi are the vectors of Dirofilaria repens and D. immitis. Anopheles beklemishevi get infected less often than the two remaining species. 4. The invasion extensiveness of malaria mosquitos is higher on the right bank of the River Ob. 5. Mixed invasions and superinvasions of malaria mosquitos with dirofilariae are frequent phenomena for Tomsk Region. The article contains 4 Figures, 3 Tables, 55 References. The Authors declare no conflict of interest.
Charcot — Marie — Tooth disease belongs to a genetically heterogeneous group of monogenic diseases with a predominant lesion of the peripheral nervous system associated with predominant degeneration of the myelin sheath and/or axon of the motor and sensory nerves and spinal roots, accompanied by motor disorders and specific pain syndrome. The article presents a description of 2 clinical cases of patients (father and daughter), whose disease was manifested by chronically progressive weakness and atrophy of the distal limb muscles, reflexes reduction, foot and hand deformation, gait changes and sensory disorders. Genetic tests were performed to detect duplication/deletion of the PMP22 gene and the expansion of GAA repeats in the FXN gene, which yielded negative results. Based on complaints, neurological examination, family medical history and data of instrumental research (EMNG), we made a clinical diagnosis of the CMT with an autosomal dominant type of inheritance and a high degree of penetrance. At the department, patients received the infusion therapy (neurometabolic therapy, vitamin therapy), physical therapy courses according to an individual plan, physiotherapy and reflexotherapy with a moderate positive effect in the form of a subjective increase in muscle strength in the lower extremities, increasing walking stability and confidence. The article also highlights the peculiarities of the pathogenesis of different genetic variants of CMT and prospect for pathogenetic treatment of this disease.
Objective: Analysis of the problems of small businesses functioning in the context of the economic crisis aggravated by the pandemic, most particularly economic relations between the state and a tax-payer in the process of taxation of small businesses. Methods: Special tax treatments as one of the tax incentives for small businesses are used, legislative and regulatory acts of state authorities, as well as federal laws. Results: The authors have concluded that the most important challenge the Russian economy is currently facing is to ensure the survival of small businesses, including by ex-panding rather than narrowing the scope of application of special tax treatments. Practical im-portance: The novelty of the research lies in the critical approach to the stance of the state in rela-tion to special tax treatments, which are aimed at creating favorable economic and tax conditions for business deve¬lopment. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to provide real support to small businesses in the context of the economic crisis, aggravated by the pandemic.
Kennedy’s X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy is a rare hereditary lower motoneuron neurodegenerative disease, which is based on the genetic defect of the androgen receptor’s first exon (AR), characterized by an abnormal increase of CAG-repeats. This article describes a clinical case of a patient with complaints about low limb weakness, walking distance shortening to 400–500 meters, coordination disturbances, and moderate polyneuropathy. According to complaints, neurological examination and patient’s family history, a genetic study was performed confirming the proposed diagnosis. Following neurometabolic, vitamin, physical therapy, physiotherapy and acupuncture were performed and the patient’s physical activity increasing and intensity of symptoms reduction was achieved. The article also highlights the features of pathogenesis and the prospects for pathogenetic treatment of this disease.
Data on new findings of the Nikolsky loach Misgurnus nikolskyi in the south of Western Siberia are presented. The maximum distance from the place of the first detection is about 200 km downstream of the Ob River. It has been suggested that the main method of dispersal of the Misgurnus nikolskyi in this region is deliberate introduction. It has been shown that the mtDNA haplotypes of the cyt b locus of the Misgurnus nikolskyi from the Ob River basin are identical to those described from the Lower Amur River basin.
Background. The incidence of arterial hypertension continues to grow. By 2025 the number of patients will increase to 1.5 billion that makes it necessary to develop and implement effective approaches in the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in practical health care. Aim. Evaluate the effectiveness of two-level diagnostics of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Materials and methods. The distance of the first level of LVH diagnostics in outpatient departments with a territorial is more than 20 km. It was performed by remote electrocardiography, including medical examination of the population. Automatic conclusion of the devices was sent to the personal office of the functional diagnostics doctor. At the second level, the electrocardiograph software was used to convert ECG-12 into a vectorcardiogram (VKG) to clarify LVH. The ECG reports were returned to the device of the doctor/paramedic for further work with the patient. When using scalar ECG criteria for LVH, the most sensitive index was the SokolovLyon index 24.2% of cases, then the Cornell product 19.8% of cases. In the second level of ECG diagnostics, the sensitivity of the method in detecting LVH increased more than 3 times: in terms of the maximum loop vector modulus (M QRS 1.8 mV), 72%, the sensitivity of the total index Rx+Sz (2.7 mV) was 58% of cases, the deviation of the spatial angle QRS-T90 was 42.5%, the spatial area of the loop QRS (S QRSxyz 2.7 mV2), the area of the loop QRS in the horizontal plane (S QRSxz2.2 mV2) 41.5%, the orientation angle of the maximum loop vector t in the horizontal plane (angle Txz70) was detected in 38% of patients. These indicators were found with the same frequency in both groups of examined individuals. Conclusion. The use of remote two-level ECG and ECG diagnostics allowed to increase the detection of LVH in rural and urban populations by 3 times.
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