Modern agriculture requires alternative practices that improve crop growth without negatively affecting the environment, as resources such as water and arable land grow scarcer while the human population continues to increase. Grafting is a cultivation technique that allows the plant to be more efficient in its utilization of water and nutrients, while nanoscale material engineering provides the opportunity to use much smaller quantities of consumables compared to conventional systems but with similar or superior effects. On those grounds, we evaluated the effects of chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel with absorbed copper nanoparticles (Cs-PVA-nCu) on leaf morphology and plant growth when applied to grafted watermelon cultivar ‘Jubilee’ plants. Stomatal density (SD), stomatal index (SI), stoma length (SL), and width (SW) were evaluated. The primary stem and root length, the stem diameter, specific leaf area, and fresh and dry weights were also recorded. Our results demonstrate that grafting induces modifications to leaf micromorphology that favorably affect plant growth, with grafted plants showing better vegetative growth in spite of their lower SD and SI values. Application of Cs-PVA-nCu was found to increase stoma width, primary stem length, and root length by 7%, 8% and 14%, respectively. These techniques modestly improve plant development and growth.

ResumenEl tomate de cáscara Physalis ixocarpa Brot. es una de las especies hortícolas más importantes en México, el número limitado de híbridos y variedades mejoradas de alto rendimiento, demanda la búsqueda de genotipos con alta aptitud combinatoria general (ACG) y aptitud combinatoria especifica (ACE) para el desarrollo de variedades o híbridos superiores. El objetivo fue estimar la ACG y ACE en las poblaciones UAN CC-S2, UAN CPP-S2, UAN SE3 y la variedad Rendidora, seis cruzas directas y seis reciprocas, de acuerdo al método i modelo 2 de Griffing. Los cruzamientos fueron realizados en el otoño de 2012 y la evaluación de progenitores e híbridos en la primavera-verano de 2013, en las localidades de Saltillo y General Cepeda Coahuila, bajo un arreglo experimental de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. El análisis estadístico combinado permitió identificar diferencias significativas en cruzas, ACG, ACE, efectos maternos (EM) y efectos recíprocos (ER), en el rendimiento y sus componentes, se identificó a las poblaciones UAN CPP-S2 y UAN SE3 con altos valores de ACG. Las tres cruzas sobresalientes fueron; UAN CC-S2 x Rendidora (26.25 t ha -1 ) y ACG (-5.718)< ACE (6.925) por lo tanto se recomienda usarla como híbrido, mientras que UAN CPP-S2 x UAN SE3 (36.52 t ha -1 ) tuvo ACG (5.718) ≈ ACE (5.457) y se sugiere su uso como población base para AbstractHusk tomato Physalis ixocarpa Brot, is one of the most important horticultural species in Mexico, the limited number of hybrids and improved high-yielding varieties, demands the search of genotypes with high general combinatory aptitude (ACG) and specific combinatory aptitude (ACE) for the development of varieties or better hybrids. The objective was to estimate the ACG and ACE in UAN CC-S2, UAN CPP-S2, UAN SE3 populations and Rendidora variety; six direct crosses and six reciprocal, according to the i method Model 2 from Griffing. The crosses were conducted in fall 2012 and the evaluation of parents and hybrids during spring-summer 2013, in the towns of Saltillo and General Cepeda Coahuila, under an experimental arrangement randomized blocks with three replications. The combined statistical analysis allowed identifying significant differences in crosses, ACG, ACE, maternal effects (EM) and reciprocal effects (ER), in yield and yield components, populations UAN CPP-S2 and UAN SE3 were identified with high values of ACG. The three crosses were outstanding; UAN CC-S2 IntroducciónEn México, el tomate de cáscara (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.) es de gran importancia, ya que es el sexto cultivo en superficie sembrada entre las hortalizas (SIAP, 2012). Se distribuye en todos los estados de la República Mexicana, desde los 10 hasta 2 600 msnm, creciendo en forma silvestre, cultivada y domesticada, su amplia distribución geográfica, ocasiona que exista amplia diversidad fenotípica y genética (formas, color, tamaño y tolerancia a factores adversos) lo que puede ser útil en los programas de mejoramiento genético (Peña y Márquez, 1990).Actualmente el rendimiento medio es de 14.362...

El tomate de cáscara (Physalis ixocarpa) es una especie originaria de México, su importancia radica en su alto consumo en México y exportación a los Estados Unidos de América y Canadá. La formación de autopoliploides es una alternativa de introducción de nuevo potencial genético en esta especie; sin embargo, se desconoce el impacto de la poliploidización artificial sobre la histología y morfología de la planta, por lo que se planteó como objetivo; estudiar la histología y morfología de plantas diploides (Rendidora) y autotetraploides. El material vegetal utilizado fueron tres autotetraploides (11,16 y 20) seleccionados en base a rendimiento y calidad de fruto y el diploide rendidora (19). El experimento se estableció a cielo abierto en General Cepeda, Coahuila, en 2011, bajo un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones, la parcela útil fueron 10 plantas. Las variables morfológicas fueron: ancho (AH) y largo de hoja (LH), diámetro de tallo (DT), diámetro de f lores (DF), altura de planta (AP). Las histológicas fueron: área de vasos de xilema de hoja (AXH), pecíolo (AXP), raíz (AXR) y tallo(AXT), parénquima en empalizada (LPEH) y parénquima lagunar en hojas(APLH). Los tetraploides mostraron ancho de hoja y diámetro de f lor signif icativamente mayor que el diploide (p≤ 0.05); sin embargo en altura de planta el diploide fue significativamente mayor que los autotetraploides. El área de vasos de xilema de tallo y raíz de los autotetraploides mostraron valores signif icativamente (p< 0.01) superiores a los diploides de acuerdo a la prueba de Tukey, además las plantas autotetraploides fueron más vigorosas, característica importante en el mejoramiento de esta especie, por lo que este tipo de estudios aportará datos para la comprensión del comportamiento anatómico de los autotetraploides en tomate de cáscara.

Cada día es más difícil satisfacer la demanda alimenticia mundial, por ello la importancia de trabajar en el desarrollo de nuevas variedades de alto rendimiento y calidad de fruto, aprovechando los recursos genéticos de México, para el desarrollo y utilización de variedades superiores que permitan reducir los costos de producción de sistemas de agricultura protegida ya que, en México en estos sistemas un porcentaje importante proviene de empresas extranjeras a costos elevados. Sin embargo, los pequeños productores siembran semilla criolla de bajo rendimiento y calidad de fruto. En este trabajo se evaluó el RTF y sus componentes (NFP, PPF), además de algunos caracteres de calidad (CAA, CT y CAPs) y agronómicos (ADP, DBT, DAF, y DAC) de nueve híbridos de chile en sus generaciones F2 y sus respectivos progenitores, los cuales fueron establecidos en invernadero, bajo un diseño experimental bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones. Los análisis de varianza exhibieron diferencias significativas (p< 0.01) entre progenitores y poblaciones F2 en todas las variables estudiadas. En RTF las poblaciones F2 (P1, 7 y P3, 4) superaron 7 y 5% respectivamente a su F1, siendo esta última, la que presento el RTF más alto en esta generación con 2 764 g planta-1. Todas poblaciones F2 presentaron cantidades intermedias y valores positivos en DEP en CT, CAA Y CAPs. Concluyendo que en la generación F2 hubo poblaciones promisorias para el desarrollo de nuevas variedades, ya que incrementaron rendimiento y calidad de fruto de F1 a F2, con rendimiento estimado superior a 100 t ha-1.

Research into the symbiotic relationship between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is key for sustainable agricultural intensification. The objective of the present study is to evaluate native AMF at the monosporic level in greenhouse-grown, economically important crops. Agricultural soil samples from three locations (Saltillo, Zaragoza, and Parras) were obtained by combining portions resulting from a zigzag sampling pattern. From these samples, 15 morphotypes were extracted according to a modified Gerdemann’s technique and monosporically inoculated on melon, cucumber, tomato, and onion, 30 days after their sowing. Under a completely random experimental design, 16 treatments with three repetitions were defined. Plant height, root length, stem diameter, total fresh weight, fresh root weight, dry root weight, bulb weight, fresh leaf weight, total dry weight, flower number, leaf number, fruit number, spore number, and percentage of colonization were all evaluated. The results were subjected to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey comparison test (p ≤ 0.05), which showed that the monosporic inoculation favors significantly the AMF and the host, while the T6 (Saltillo spore + Steiner modified with 20% of the normal phosphorus concentration) showed a greater response uniformity on onion and melon, which indicates its great potential as an inoculum.

Capsicum annuum is one of the most important plant species in the world. México has the greatest diversity for this plant. However, its production is limited due to the scarcity of improved varieties for greenhouse production. Therefore, the development of high-yield varieties would be possible through the genetic recombination of native varieties (Creole populations) and superior cultivars. Therefore, the purpose of this research work was to assess and select outstanding F3 populations for greenhouse production. The work was carried out in a greenhouse at Saltillo, Coahuila Mexico in 2018, involving 8 parents, in which 3 varieties were used as female (pollen-receptor plants), 5 varieties as males (pollen-donor plants) and 9 F3 populations derived by selfing from 9 F2 populations. The parents and F3 populations composed 17 treatments that were established in a greenhouse under a randomized block design with three replications. The variables were total fruit yield, average fruit weight, total number of fruits per plant, ascorbic acid content, total capsicinoids, days to flowering, days to harvest, final plant height, and basal stem diameter. Significant differences were found in all variables of F3 populations. The highest RTF (total fruit weight) belonged to P1,4 and P1,6, with1647.0 and 1652.0 g/plant, respectively. In terms of CAA (ascorbic acid content), population P2,4, was significantly superior to the rest of the genotypes and exceeded the best parent by 19.8%. We concluded that populations P1,4, P1,6 and P2,4 may be uased to develop cultivars with high yield and high quality for greenhouse production

Aims: Evaluate the impact and biofortification of iodide (I-) and iodate (IO3-), on melon morphology and physiology under greenhouse conditions. Study Design: Experimental design was completely randomized with a 2x2x3 factorial arrangement, for a total of 12 treatments and 4 repetitions, giving a total of 48 experimental units. Means were compared using LSD test at 0.05. Place and Duration of Study: Experiment was established in greenhouses of Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo. Coahuila. Mexico, between April and July 2020. Methodology: Iodine applications were made 15 days after transplant, with a total of 10 applications to substrate and 5 foliar applications during experiment. Treatments consisted of potassium iodide (KI) applications directly to the substrate and foliar at 0.0, 0.5 and 1 mM of iodide (I-), every week to the substrate and every 15 days in a foliar way. In same way, with potassium iodate (KIO3) treatments, applying 0, 0.5 and 1 mM of iodate (IO3-). Results: Applications of 1 mM iodate to the substrate increased the number of leaves and leaf area. Yields decreased where iodine was applied. Nitrogen uptake improved in almost all applications of iodide and iodate. Potassium decreased with iodide and iodate applications. The concentration of iodine in the stage of flowering and maturity with applications of iodide to the substrate 1 mM. Iodine concentrations in melon fruit were better at low concentrations of foliar applied iodide and 0.5 mM substrate. Conclusion: Applications of iodide and iodate have a positive effect to melon fruits, without presenting phytotoxic effects.

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