Modern agriculture requires alternative practices that improve crop growth without negatively affecting the environment, as resources such as water and arable land grow scarcer while the human population continues to increase. Grafting is a cultivation technique that allows the plant to be more efficient in its utilization of water and nutrients, while nanoscale material engineering provides the opportunity to use much smaller quantities of consumables compared to conventional systems but with similar or superior effects. On those grounds, we evaluated the effects of chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel with absorbed copper nanoparticles (Cs-PVA-nCu) on leaf morphology and plant growth when applied to grafted watermelon cultivar ‘Jubilee’ plants. Stomatal density (SD), stomatal index (SI), stoma length (SL), and width (SW) were evaluated. The primary stem and root length, the stem diameter, specific leaf area, and fresh and dry weights were also recorded. Our results demonstrate that grafting induces modifications to leaf micromorphology that favorably affect plant growth, with grafted plants showing better vegetative growth in spite of their lower SD and SI values. Application of Cs-PVA-nCu was found to increase stoma width, primary stem length, and root length by 7%, 8% and 14%, respectively. These techniques modestly improve plant development and growth.
Iodine, silicon, and selenium are considered elements not essential for the metabolism of plants. However, these elements are vital for humans, and their presence as traces in food is beneficial. The use of I, Si, and Se in the fertilization programs of the plants allows, on the one hand, the mineral biofortification of the crops and, on the other hand, through mechanisms not yet fully understood, the production and accumulation of more antioxidants in the edible organs. This chapter provides an overview about the use of I, Si, and Se both for mineral biofortification and for the increase in the concentration of antioxidants in plants, with an emphasis on redox metabolism adjustments and antioxidant chemical species studied. The scope of the chapter is on horticultural species in the open field and under greenhouse or tunnels.
La variedad tetraploide de Phisalis ixocarpa presenta caraterísticas adaptativas tanto a nivel morfológico como fisiológico. Una de las limitantes de la semilla es la baja viabilidad, germinación y emergencia de la plántula, así como la poca capacidad de propagación vegetativa, es por ello que el objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la respuesta en la germinación de semillas tetraploides de tomatillo con la aplicación de reguladores y ácidos orgánicos. Se realizó la aplicación de tratamientos de imbibición con reguladores y ácidos orgánicos a las semillas, los cuales fueron: ácido giiberélico (AG), los ácidos orgánicos: benzoico (AB), salicílico (AS), sulfosalicílico (ASS), a concentraciones de 10-2 M, 10-4 M y 10-6 M. La emergencia inició en el cuarto día después de la siembra con un porciento de germinación para AG1,AG2yAG3·de73.33,56.66,63.33%yunIVGde20.26, 10.44 y 11.59 respectivamente. Para la micropropagación se evaluó la combinación de los reguladores benciladenina (BAP), Kinetina y ácido naftalenácetico (ANA) a diferentes concentraciones. El mejor tratamiento fue con 3 mg L-1 de BAP con 9.5 brotes por explante.
ResumenEl tomate de cáscara Physalis ixocarpa Brot. es una de las especies hortícolas más importantes en México, el número limitado de híbridos y variedades mejoradas de alto rendimiento, demanda la búsqueda de genotipos con alta aptitud combinatoria general (ACG) y aptitud combinatoria especifica (ACE) para el desarrollo de variedades o híbridos superiores. El objetivo fue estimar la ACG y ACE en las poblaciones UAN CC-S2, UAN CPP-S2, UAN SE3 y la variedad Rendidora, seis cruzas directas y seis reciprocas, de acuerdo al método i modelo 2 de Griffing. Los cruzamientos fueron realizados en el otoño de 2012 y la evaluación de progenitores e híbridos en la primavera-verano de 2013, en las localidades de Saltillo y General Cepeda Coahuila, bajo un arreglo experimental de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. El análisis estadístico combinado permitió identificar diferencias significativas en cruzas, ACG, ACE, efectos maternos (EM) y efectos recíprocos (ER), en el rendimiento y sus componentes, se identificó a las poblaciones UAN CPP-S2 y UAN SE3 con altos valores de ACG. Las tres cruzas sobresalientes fueron; UAN CC-S2 x Rendidora (26.25 t ha -1 ) y ACG (-5.718)< ACE (6.925) por lo tanto se recomienda usarla como híbrido, mientras que UAN CPP-S2 x UAN SE3 (36.52 t ha -1 ) tuvo ACG (5.718) ≈ ACE (5.457) y se sugiere su uso como población base para AbstractHusk tomato Physalis ixocarpa Brot, is one of the most important horticultural species in Mexico, the limited number of hybrids and improved high-yielding varieties, demands the search of genotypes with high general combinatory aptitude (ACG) and specific combinatory aptitude (ACE) for the development of varieties or better hybrids. The objective was to estimate the ACG and ACE in UAN CC-S2, UAN CPP-S2, UAN SE3 populations and Rendidora variety; six direct crosses and six reciprocal, according to the i method Model 2 from Griffing. The crosses were conducted in fall 2012 and the evaluation of parents and hybrids during spring-summer 2013, in the towns of Saltillo and General Cepeda Coahuila, under an experimental arrangement randomized blocks with three replications. The combined statistical analysis allowed identifying significant differences in crosses, ACG, ACE, maternal effects (EM) and reciprocal effects (ER), in yield and yield components, populations UAN CPP-S2 and UAN SE3 were identified with high values of ACG. The three crosses were outstanding; UAN CC-S2 IntroducciónEn México, el tomate de cáscara (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.) es de gran importancia, ya que es el sexto cultivo en superficie sembrada entre las hortalizas (SIAP, 2012). Se distribuye en todos los estados de la República Mexicana, desde los 10 hasta 2 600 msnm, creciendo en forma silvestre, cultivada y domesticada, su amplia distribución geográfica, ocasiona que exista amplia diversidad fenotípica y genética (formas, color, tamaño y tolerancia a factores adversos) lo que puede ser útil en los programas de mejoramiento genético (Peña y Márquez, 1990).Actualmente el rendimiento medio es de 14.362...
Guayule plants were screened in the region of Mapimi (Durango, Mexico) to evaluate physicochemical parameters for selection of increased productivity. The objective was to characterize rubber, and resin content, stem diameter, rubber molecular weight and cytology of these plants to identify and select high productivity sites. Samples were collected from nine locations within the Mapimi Region. Inflorescences containing young floral buds of the same plants were selected to determine ploidy level. Cytogenetic results showed the presence of di‐, tri‐ and tetraploids. Samples for rubber and resin analysis were cut from the branches. Genetic variation in molecular weight and molecular weight distributions for rubber was measured. Significant differences were found in resin content and stem diameter between the sampling sites, but differences were not significant for the rubber content between sites. A productivity parameter was defined and used to identify two locations where guayule genotypes exhibited the best characteristics for commercialization. This information may increase the industrial development and understanding of the polymerization bioprocess.
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