ResumoNeste trabalho são apresentadas duas técnicas para a avaliação da dispersão, num corpo d'água receptor, do efluente líquido de uma refinaria de petróleo.Assim, a pluma de dispersão foi caracterizada por medidas em campo de condutividade elétrica e por simulação computacional (simulador Cormix). Como caso de estudo, escolheu-se uma refinaria de petróleo cujo efluente é lançado no rio Atibaia (Paulínia/SP). O comportamento do efluente foi avaliado em um trecho de 1000 m após o ponto de lançamento. Os resultados demonstraram que a medição da condutividade elétrica é uma técnica adequada para a avaliação da dispersão de efluentes líquidos de refinaria de petróleo, pois apresentam alta condutividade elétrica e, com isso, há um forte contraste entre os valores do efluente e do rio. Além disso, outros parâmetros de qualidade da água do rio seguiram comportamento de dispersão semelhante ao da condutividade. A pluma de dispersão gerada pelo simulador computacional apresentou uma elevada concordância com os dados obtidos em campo. Nesse sentido, a simulação computacional pode ser uma ferramenta útil para a avaliação da dispersão do efluente considerando-se cenários hipotéticos, e para projetos de emissários.Palavras-chave: pluma de dispersão; efluente líquido; condutividade elétrica; simulação da dispersão.
AbstractIn this paper, two techniques to evaluate the dispersion of the effluent of an oil refinery are presented. Thus, the dispersion plume was characterized by field measurements of electrical conductivity and by computational simulation (Cormix simulator). An oil refinery whose effluent is discharged on the Atibaia river (Paulínia/SP) is taken as study case. The behavior of the effluent was evaluated until 1000 m after the discharge. The results show that the measurement of electrical conductivity is a suitable technique to evaluate the dispersion of oil refinery wastewaters, since they have high conductivity and for this reason there is a strong contrast between the values of the wastewater and the ambient background. Furthermore, other water quality parameters had a dispersion behavior similar to that shown by the conductivity. The dispersion plume generated by the computational simulator showed high concordance with the field data. In this manner, computational simulation can be a useful tool to evaluate the dispersion of discharges considering hypothetic scenarios, as well as to design the discharge channel.
a b s t r ac tLandfill leachate is formed by organic and inorganic toxic compounds. It has high salt concentration and pathogenic organisms that can cause environmental harm. Hydrotalcite, activated carbon and Moringa oleifera seeds have been used for the adsorption of contaminants and the purification of water. In the present study, landfill leachate was submitted to physicochemical and microbiological analysis before and after treatment with these adsorbents. The characterization of the leachate revealed a small number of heterotrophic bacteria and fungi. Total coliforms and Escherichia coli reached mean values of 17,900 and 890 NMP/100 mL, respectively. The physicochemical analysis indicated high conductivity, color, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand in 5 d, ammonia, boron, sodium and chlorides. Treatment with hydrotalcite produced the best results regarding the improvement in these variables, but led to an increase in pH. Reused hydrotalcite (Hr) provided reasonable results, but with less efficiency than hydrotalcite. Moreover, Hr failed to remove boron and aluminum and magnesium levels increased. In addition, 4% activated carbon (AC4%) obtained better results regarding color and COD, but failed to remove boron and ammonia efficiently and 1% activated carbon achieved similar results to AC4%, but with lower degrees of removal. M. oleífera seed and extract achieved unsatisfactory results. All adsorbents, except M. oleifera extract, decreased the amount of heterotrophic bacteria approximately 10-fold. Total coliforms and E. coli did not resist the treatments. None of the adsorbents removed sodium, chloride or the toxicity of the leachate.
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