Nowadays polylactic acid (PLA) is widely used in orthopedics surgeries as implants material due to well mechanical characterization and biomedical properties. But the PLA implants suffer from slow degradation rate when it is used in real-life scenario. In the present research work, the PLA specimens using additive manufacturing technique are fabricated and further assessed for mechanical characterization and its degradation behavior with different parameters. The change in weight of scaffolds was measured using digital weight measure, and pH value was measured using pH meter. Morphology and elemental composition of PLA scaffolds were characterized by SEM and EDS, respectively, while compressive strength is measured by the universal testing machine. Apatite formation and biocompatible nature of fabricated scaffolds were analyzed by in vitro simulated body fluid study. The outcomes of characterization exposed that scaffold with 60% infill percentage had maximum porosity, which is beneficial for the apatite formation and osseointegration. The average change in compressive strength was measured as 49.79 MPa after 14 days and 46.11 MPa after 28 days, whereas the average change in pH value was measured as 5.67 and 5.27 after 14 and 28 days of incubation period, respectively. The degradation rate of specimen 3 was 27.92% less than that of specimen 1, 35.69% less than that of specimen 5, and 87.98% more than that of specimen 9. This study concludes the positive effect of process parameters on degradation rate and biocompatible behavior of PLA implants.
Resveratrol is extensively being used as a therapeutic moiety, as well as a pharmacophore for development of new drugs due to its multifarious beneficial effects. The objective of the present study was to isolate and screen the resveratrol-producing endophytic fungi from different varieties of Vitis vinifera. A total of 53 endophytic fungi belonging to different fungal genera were isolated from the stem and leaf tissues of Vitis vinifera (merlot, wild, pinot noir, Shiraz, muscat) from different grape-producing locations of India. Only 29 endophytic fungal isolates exhibited a positive test for phenolics by phytochemical methods. The resveratrol obtained after ethyl acetate extraction was confirmed using standard molecule on thin layer chromatography (TLC) with a retention factor (R) of 0.69. The purified and standard resveratrol were visualized under UV light as a violet-colored spot. In HPLC analysis of the ethyl acetate extract of culture broth of 11 endophytic isolates, the highest resveratrol content was found in #12VVLPM (89.1 μg/ml) followed by #18VVLPM (37.3 μg/ml) and 193VVSTPM (25.2 μg/ml) exhibiting a retention time of 3.36 min which corresponded to the standard resveratrol. The resveratrol-producing isolates belong to seven genera viz. Aspergillus, Botryosphaeria, Penicillium, Fusarium, Alternaria, Arcopilus, and Lasiodiplodia, and using morphological and molecular methods, #12VVLPM was identified as Arcopilus aureus.
Resveratrol is an important stilbene which is having a high demand due to its therapeutic, cosmeceutical and nutraceutical activities. The current study mainly focuses on strategies to enhance the fungal potential to produce resveratrol via the activation of the cryptic biosynthetic pathway with their particular interest in the antioxidant application. The endophytic fungus Xylaria psidii was isolated from the surface sterilized leaf of Vitis vinifera. With the help of HPLC analysis it is found that resveratrol concentration was maximum and enhanced in case of treatment with 5 μm SAHA (52.32 μg/mL) and by 10 μm AZA (48.94 μg/mL) followed by 10 μm SAHA (41.10 μg/mL) and 5 μm AZA (37.72 μg/mL). After treatment with different concentration of epigenetic modifiers such as HDAC inhibitors (SAHA) and dMNTs (AZA) inhibitors, a significant increase in antioxidant potential was obtained. In the case of DPPH increase in scavenging potential was found as compared to wild strain. Treatment with 5 μm SAHA and by 10 μm AZA was showing strong antioxidant potential among all the epigenetic variants as compared to wild strain. In the case of TEAC also the same trend as in the case of DPPH was obtained.
Drilling of bone is required to repair and align the bone when faced with a major fracture. The screw and implant are used for fixing the fractured part of the bone. The failure of osteosynthesis is due to strength between the bone and screw, which majorly depends upon the pull-out strength of the cortical screw. Pull-out strength is the force required to pull a screw out of its foundation from the bone. After the fixation of cortical screws, the major forces acting on the fixation of the screw and the implanted device in the bone. Therefore, it needs to make sure that the screw must fit into the place and grasp the bone within the drilled hole. The intended focus of this research is to see the effect of surface roughness induced during the bone drilling operation on pull-out strength with rotary ultrasonic bone drilling (RUBD) and standard conventional bone drilling (CBD). This is observed that a drilled hole in a bone exhibits greater pull-out strength with more surface roughness because more anchoring is provided by the roughened surface. Also, the apatite formation of the bone shows the biocompatible nature of porcine bone in the simulated body fluid (SBF) solution. RUBD using different grit size in a hollow drilling burr resulted that coarse abrasive have maximum effort for higher surface roughness. Furthermore, the higher surface texture provides a better bone growth rate as it provides peaks for branching and nucleation when preserved in SBF. RUBD provides precise cutting to the bone as compared to CBD. On the 28th day of the bone-screw samples to be immersed in SBF results 42.82% higher pull-out strength of screw in case of RUBD as compared to CBD.
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