All living organisms engage in parasitic relations, as either parasites or hosts, and these interactions play an essential role in biological evolution and the functioning of the biosphere (Combes, 2001). Even among photosynthetic organisms, parasitic interactions are often established by both algae and land plants (Oborník, 2019). The most widespread form of parasitism among plants is characterized by the ability to develop a specialized organ called the haustorium (Kuijt, 1969). This organ differentiates the species commonly referred to as parasitic flowering plants from other non-autotrophic plants that require fungal hosts or partners to fulfill their nutritional needs (Feild and Brodribb, 2005; Merckx et al., 2009). Usually developed soon after germination, the haustorium enables attachment AJB REVIEWS

In terms of climate, the Czech Republic belongs to the northern hemisphere Atlantic-continental type of moderate climate. M ean annual temperature ranges between 1.0°and 9.4°C (for summer between 8.8°C and 18.5°C, and for winter between 2 6.8°a nd 0.2°C). Annua l precipitation ranges between 450 mm in dry regions and 1300 m m in mountainous regions of the country. W ith its 2000 m 3 per capita fresh water availability, the Czech Republic is a region that can be characterized as slightly below average in availability. The occasional water shortages usually do not result from unavailability of water, but rather from temporal or spatial variability of water supply and demand and a high degree of water resources exploitation. To study potential im pacts of climate change on the hydrological system and water resources, four river basins have been selected in the territory (461 km 2 ), and the M etuje River at M ars Ï ov n. M . (94 km 2 ). To simulate potential changes in runoff, three hydrological models have been applied using incremental and GCM (GISS, GFD L and CC CM ) scenarios: the BILA N water balance model, the SA CRAM ENTO (SAC-SM A) conceptual model and the CLIRU N water balance m odel.After comparison of the results, the BILA N m odel was selected to serve for subsequent analyses of hydrological systems in the river basins. The paper reviews methods applied in the study and results of the assessments, and it concludes with suggestions for general adaptation policy options where the preference is for non-structural measures such as water conservation, ef® cient water dem and management and protection of water resources.

Typical time intervals between acquisitions of three-dimensional (3-D) images of the same cell in live cell imaging are in the orders of minutes. In the meantime, the live cell can move in a water basin on the stage. This movement can hamper the studies of intranuclear processes. We propose a fast point-based image registration method for the suppression of the movement of a cell as a whole in the image data. First, centroids of certain intracellular objects are computed for each image in a time-lapse series. Then, a matching between the centroids, which have the maximal number of pairs, is sought between consecutive point sets by a 3-D extension of a two-dimensional fast point pattern matching method, which is invariant to rotation, translation, local distortion, and extra/missing points. The proposed 3-D extension assumes rotations only around the z axis to retain the complexity of the original method. The final step involves computing the optimal fully 3-D transformation between images from corresponding points in the least-squares manner. The robustness of the method was evaluated on generated data. The results of the simulations show that the method is very precise and its correctness can be estimated. This article also presents two practical application examples, namely the registration of images of HP1 domains and the registration of images of telomeres. More than 97% of time-consecutive images were successfully registered. The results show that the method is very well suited to live cell imaging.

Abstract. In this paper, a new approach to synthesize bent Boolean functions by means of Cartesian Genetic Programming (CGP) is proposed. Bent functions have important applications in cryptography due to their high nonlinearity. However, they are very rare and their discovery using conventional brute force methods is not efficient enough. We show that by using CGP we can routinely design bent functions of up to 16 variables. The evolutionary approach exploits parallelism in both the fitness calculation and the search algorithm.

The paper deals with experimental and numerical study of flow structure in two-dimensional model of supersonic ejector. Schlieren pictures of flow structure were taken, static pressure distributions on side wall were measured and Fluent software to calculate the flow structure in supersonic ejector was used. For certain region of back pressure ratio Pb/P02 and stagnation pressure ratio of both streams P01/P02 the terminal shock wave is close to the trailing edge of the primary flow nozzle and a transonic instability occurs. The instability causes the movement of position of boundary layer separation, the structure of shock waves changes and all flow structure oscillates. The movie of these regimes during schlieren experiments was taken and relevant numerical modelling was performed.

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Abstract. This work aims at investigating the primary nozzle position in a proposed supersonic air ejector device. The ejector is primarily made up of a supersonic primary nozzle, which is located in the axis of the ejector, a suction chamber or secondary stream inlet, a mixing chamber and a diffuser. The ejector design allows to translate the primary nozzle in the axis direction and fix it in a chosen distance from the beginning of the mixing chamber and hence influence the secondary mass flow rate. In a limit case, it is possible to set the nozzle to such a position where no secondary flow occurs. If we ignore the case where no secondary flow occurs, five different nozzle distances have been investigated in this paper. Some cases seem to be alike and there are no significant dissimilarities between them. Courses of relative back-pressure ratio are carried out against the entrainment ratio and transition between on-design and off-design regimes is determined. Measurements of the mixed flow based on the standard ISO 5167 are performed by means of orifice plate method. In addition, a comparison between experiments and simulations performed by Ansys Fluent software is presented in order to indicate further improvements to the numerical model.

The paper deals with experimental and numerical results of investigation into supersonic and transonic flow past a two-dimensional model ejector. Results of optical measurements show a flow structure and flow parameter development in the entrance part of the mixing chamber of the ejector. Numerical results are obtained by means of both the straight solution of shock waves in supersonic flow field using classical relations of parameters of shock waves and the Fluent 6 program. Results of numerical solutions are compared with experimental pictures of flow fields. Flow structure development in the mixing chamber is analysed in detail.