Parasites on parasites: hyper‐, epi‐, and autoparasitism among flowering plants

Krasylenko, Yuliya; Těšitel, Jakub; Ceccantini, Gregório; Oliveira-da-Silva, Mariana; Dvořák, Václav; Steele, Daniel; Sosnovsky, Yevhen; Piwowarczyk, Renata; Watson, David M.; Teixeira‐Costa, Luiza

doi:10.1002/ajb2.1590

Cited by 25 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…Parasitic angiosperms are over 4,700 species of 277 genera, of which 87 genera and at least 1,670 species belong to the mistletoe which is considered hemiparasites that grow on the host branches of various species of shrubs and trees looking like a highly developed shrub [1,2]. Living organisms are involved in parasitic relationships, either as parasites or as hosts, these interactions having an essential role in the proper functioning of the biosphere and the process of biological evolution [3,4]. Mistletoe (Viscum album L.) is an evergreen plant that depends on the host tree for some nutrients and water, while it produces carbohydrates in a process of photosynthesis, normally found growing on a variety of trees, both deciduous and coniferous trees [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On Overview Of Bioactive Compounds, Biological And Pharmacological Effects Of Mistletoe (Viscum Album L)

Kleszken¹,

Timar²,

Memete³

et al. 2022

Pharmacophore

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The genus Viscum includes many species that are mainly distributed in Europe, Africa, Asia, America, and Australia. Viscum extracts or their various preparations are widely used as complementary and alternative medicines in the treatment of various ailments. In the present review, articles related to the phytochemical composition of mistletoe were selected, depending on the host tree on which it grows, as well as articles in which its beneficial effects were highlighted. Viscum contains different active ingredients, including lectins, viscotoxins along with phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and polysaccharides. Based on its composition, mistletoe extract is associated with multiple bioactivities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and cardiovascular disease, attenuating the side effects of chemotherapy and enhancing immunity. The purpose of this review was to highlight the link between the host tree and the bioactive components of mistletoe such as lectin and viscotoxin, with a focus on phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic acids. The potential therapeutic effects of mistletoe are summarized by subspecies and host trees. Numerous mistletoe-based patents with various applications have been developed and presented in this review. Mistletoe is a medicinal plant with great biological potential that is worth exploring for various targeted treatments.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On Overview Of Bioactive Compounds, Biological And Pharmacological Effects Of Mistletoe (Viscum Album L)

Kleszken¹,

Timar²,

Memete³

et al. 2022

Pharmacophore

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“…The majority of African species are facultatively epiparasitic generalists (Table S1), which is also true at the global level (Krasylenko et al, 2021;Wilson & Calvin, 2017). Obligate epiparasitism occurs in two African Viscum species-V. goetzei, parasitizing solely an Englerina host, and V. loranthicola, associated with a number of Loranthaceae host genera-and has also been suspected for Agelanthus dichrous being highly selective towards Loranthaceae hosts (Wilson & Calvin, 2017; see also Table S1).…”

Section: Epipar a S Itis M A S A Pat Tern Of Hos T Choi Ce In Mis Tle...mentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Epipar a S Itis M A S A Pat Tern Of Hos T Choi Ce In Mis Tle...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Physiological ecology, evolutionary advantages, and ecosystem outcomes of epiparasitism in plants are poorly studied (reviewed by Krasylenko et al, 2021), not to mention the remarkable cases of tripartite associations such as the occurrence of Viscum verrucosum on Tapinanthus quequensis on Agelanthus natalitius growing upon Combretum apiculatum (Combretaceae) in South Africa (Nickrent, 2002). Limited evidence suggests that epiparasites tend to sustain lower water potentials and higher concentrations of mineral nutrients compared to parasitic and nonparasitic (primary) hosts, likely leading to selection on associated herbivores (Krasylenko et al, 2021). In addition, the tendency of epiparasites to have smaller fruits and seeds compared with their parasitic hosts, as reported for some Viscaceae and Loranthaceae species from North America and Africa (Calvin & Wilson, 2009), may affect the dispersal of epiparasites by selecting for frugivores with certain dietary preferences.…”

Section: Epipar a S Itis M A S A Pat Tern Of Hos T Choi Ce In Mis Tle...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Consuming and consumed: Biotic interactions of African mistletoes across different trophic levels

et al. 2022

Self Cite

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Mistletoes, as perennial hemiparasitic angiosperms that parasitize woody plants, are an important component of the highly diverse, endemically rich and mosaic African flora, which is attributed to the Holarctic, Paleotropical, and Cape Floristic kingdoms.The richness of African mistletoes from the Loranthaceae and Viscaceae, along with many aspects of their biology and ecology, was covered in the comprehensive monograph of Polhill and Wiens (1998, Mistletoes of Africa, Royal Botanic Gardens). The present review is devoted to the taxonomic and functional diversity of symbionts associated with mistletoes in Africa and adjacent islands that contribute to the major biological functions of mistletoes, such as establishment and growth, nutrition and fitness, resistance to external stresses, as well as pollination and dispersal. These functions are favored by more or less distinct sets of associated bionts, including host plants, animal herbivores, frugivorous birds, nectar-and pollen-feeding insects, and endophytic microorganisms. A separate section is devoted to mistletoe epiparasitism as a special case of host selection. All these organisms, which are components of the mistletoe-associated community and multitrophic network, define the role of mistletoes as keystone species. Some aspects of the symbiont communities are compared here with patterns reported for mistletoes from other continents, particularly to identify potential relationships that remain to be explored for the African species. In addition, properties of endophytic mistletoe associates that contribute to the plant's communication with coexisting organisms are considered. We also highlight the important gaps of knowledge of the functioning of mistletoe-associated communities in Africa and indicate some applied issues that need future attention.

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“…Parasitism is a widespread phenomenon and an important ecological interaction, with many organisms being engaged as either parasites or hosts ( Combes, 2001 ; Krasylenko et al, 2021 ). Plant parasitism includes directly parasitizing host plants and absorbing water and nutrition via haustorium and indirectly parasitizing other plants and acquiring nutrition via mycorrhizal fungi ( Nickrent and Musselman, 2004 ; Nickrent, 2014 ; Krasylenko et al, 2021 ). These parasitic flowering plants include about 4,500 species and have been divided into 12 independent evolutionary lineages ( Nickrent, 2020 ; Těšitel et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Angiosperm Stem Hemiparasitic Genus Cassytha (Lauraceae) and Its Host Interactions: A Review

Zhang¹,

Florentine²,

Tennakoon³

2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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Cassytha, also known as laurel dodder or love vine, is a stem hemiparasite of the Lauraceae family. It has long been used for medicinal purposes in many countries and has increasingly influenced agricultural and natural ecosystems by its effects on a wide range of host species. Previous studies have focused on the taxonomy and evolutionary position of different Cassytha, with the pan-tropical species Cassytha filiformis being the most widely studied. However, Cassytha–host interactions have never been reviewed, which is an essential issue related to the understanding of mechanisms underlying plant hemiparasitic and the assessment of benefits and damage caused by aerial parasitic plants. This review explores the parasitic habits, worldwide distribution, and host range of Cassytha, and examines its impacts on the biology of host plants and the overall influence of environmental changes on Cassytha–host associations. We also comment on areas of future research directions that require to better understanding Cassytha–host interactions. It appeared that some traits, such as flowering phenology, facilitated Cassytha’s widespread distribution and successful parasitism and that Cassytha preferred woody species rather than herbaceous species as a host, and preferred species from certain families as hosts, such as Fabaceae and Myrtaceae. Cassytha often decreased biomass and impacted the physiology of host species and global environmental changes seemed to intensify the negative impacts of Cassytha on their hosts. Cassytha was not only a noxious weed, but can also function as a biocontrol agent to mitigate alien plant invasion.

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Parasites on parasites: hyper‐, epi‐, and autoparasitism among flowering plants

Cited by 25 publications

References 114 publications

On Overview Of Bioactive Compounds, Biological And Pharmacological Effects Of Mistletoe (Viscum Album L)

On Overview Of Bioactive Compounds, Biological And Pharmacological Effects Of Mistletoe (Viscum Album L)

Consuming and consumed: Biotic interactions of African mistletoes across different trophic levels

The Angiosperm Stem Hemiparasitic Genus Cassytha (Lauraceae) and Its Host Interactions: A Review

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