Abstract:Tile drainage water temperatures and discharge rates were measured in five highland watersheds of which most are underlain by acid crystalline rock. One of them, Dehtáře in the Bohemo-Moravian highland (Czech Republic), was studied in greater detail. The aim was to evaluate water temperature monitoring as a means of determining the source and pathway of drainage runoff during high-flow events. Rapid increase in drainage discharge was accompanied by rapid change in water temperature. In winter, the rising limb of the hydrograph was accompanied by a decrease in temperature, and the falling limb was associated with a corresponding temperature increase. In summer, the trends were reversed. These data suggest that the water temperature changes are caused by the fastest component of drainage runoff, water from a precipitation event or snowmelt, which can be separated from the remainder of the hydrograph. Measurements of hydraulic conductivity, soil moisture content, soil temperature, and groundwater table level indicate that the major portion of the event water causing this effect infiltrates in the watershed recharge zone where soils are permeable, enters the weathered bedrock, flows preferentially and rapidly down the slope along disjoint fissures in the bedrock, finally emerging as ascending springs, and is, for the most part, intercepted by the tile drainage systems.
Changes in land use and runoff characteristics in Otava river basin and its two subcatchment (Volšovka and Vydra) were examined. The goal was to find out how water retention have responded to changes in landscape management in Šumava mountains and foothills since the year 1970. There were two basic levels of changing land use -(a) conversion of arable land with varying intensity at different management of intensive and extensive grassland, (b) deforestation of large areas of indigenous mostly spruce monocultures and their transfer to the shrub and herbaceous vegetation covering the surface with a discontinuous vegetation. Water retention in Šumava mountains is locally reduced due to vulnerability of monoculture spruce forests by natural disasters (windstorms), diseases and pests. A positive effect of current agricultural management in the Šumava foothills on the reduction of direct runoff during intense rainfall was confirmed.Key words: land use, water retention, direct runoff, runoff CN, ŠumavaAbstrakt: Článek řeší změnu využití území a odtokových charakteristik v povodí řeky Otavy a jeho dvou subpovodích (povodí řeky Volšovky a Vydry). Cílem práce bylo zjistit, jak se změnila retence vody v krajině společně se změnou využití území v horských partiích a podhůří Šumavy od roku 1970. Změna využití území probíhala dvěma hlavními směry -(a) Převod orné půdy s různou intenzitou hospodaření na různě intenzivní či extenzivní louky a pastviny, (b) Odlesňování rozsáhlých ploch původních většinou smrkových monokultur a jejich převod na křovinatou a bylinnou vegetaci s nesouvislým pokryvem povrchu. V horských polohách Šumavy je retence vody místy snižována v důsledku zranitelnosti smrkových monokulturních lesů přírodními katastrofami (vichřice), nemocemi a škůdci. V podhůří Šumavy byl prokázán pozitivní vliv současného managementu krajiny na snižování přímého odtoku při intenzivních srážkách.
Abstract:The changes in water quality caused by grassing of arable land followed by the reduction in the use of fertilisers after 1989 are demonstrated on an example of two tile-drained subcatchments in spring areas in the Šumava Mountains. The original water quality monitoring was performed in the mid-1980s, at the time when the area was used as tile-drained arable land.
River basin and small watercourse river basins should be seen as interdependent and interconnected elements and components. "ctivities within the river basin can affect water conditions in terms of quality and quantity. Nevertheless, river basin management has an impact on other areas, such as on the social or economic conditions. Hydrological extremes as floods and droughts are natural phenomena, which cannot be avoided. Their irregular occurrence and variable range adversely affect the perception of the risk it poses, which complicate the systematic implementation of preventive measures. Given this, it is necessary to choose a comprehensive, coordinated and systematic process of planning, control, organization, leadership and management within the river basin.One way to ensure optimal integrated river basin management is currently hydrological modelling. Hydrologic models are simplified quantitative relationship between input and output parameters of a system. Simulations of these models are then used primarily to assess the impact of proposed changes in the use of scenarios in the basin and the various water management strategies.The aim of this chapter is to evaluate the current management of selected river basin. The main focus is on finding the fact whether the management of the selected river basin can be designated as integrated river basin management, which takes into account all of the above elements. Retention capacity of the basin is then related to the occurrence and consequences of extreme hydrological situations.
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