Background Plant height is an important wheat trait that is regulated by multiple genes, among which Rht is of the utmost value. In wheat, Rht-B1p (=Rht17) is a mutant allele of the Rht gene that encodes for a DELLA-protein and results in the development of gibberellin-insensitive plants with a dwarfing phenotype. The pleiotropic effects of dwarfing genes on yield are highly dependent on both the genetic background and the environmental conditions. In Russia, the Central Non-Black Earth Region and Krasnodar Krai are two economically important regions that require differing management for sustainable wheat production for food, feed and industry. The purpose of our study was to compare the pleiotropic effects of Rht-B1p on the main valuable agronomic traits in the F3:4 families of the spring bread wheat Chris Mutant/Novosibirskaya 67 in the genetic background of Vrn-B1a/vrn-B1 (spring/winter phenotype) and Ppd-D1a/Ppd-D1b (insensitivity/sensitivity to photoperiod) alleles in a field experiment in Moscow and Krasnodar Krai. Results Plant height was reduced on average by 21 cm (28%) and 25 cm (30%), respectively; Ppd-D1a slightly strengthened the dwarfing effect in Moscow and mitigated it in Krasnodar Krai. Grain weight of the main spike was reduced by Rht-B1p in Moscow and to lesser extent in Krasnodar; Ppd-D1a and Vrn-B1a tended to partially compensate for this loss in Krasnodar Krai. Thousand grain weight was reduced on average by 5.3 g (16%) and 2.9 g (10%) in Moscow and Krasnodar Krai, respectively, but was partially compensated for by Ppd-D1a in Krasnodar Krai. Harvest index was increased due to Rht-B1p by 6 and 10% in Moscow and Krasnodar Krai, respectively. Rht-B1p resulted in a delay of heading by 1–2 days in Moscow. Ppd-D1a accelerated heading by 1 day and 6 days in Moscow and in Krasnodar Krai, respectively. Conclusions Rht-B1p could be introduced into wheat breeding along with dwarfing genes such as Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b. Special attention should be paid to its combination with Ppd-D1a and Vrn-B1a as regulators of developmental rates, compensators of adverse effects of Rht-B1p on productivity and enhancers of positive effect of Rht-B1p on harvest index.
Alleles of the genes, conferring a dwarfing phenotype, play a crucial role in wheat breeding, as they not only reduce plant height, ensuring their resistance to lodging, but also have a number of positive and negative pleiotropic effects on plant productivity. Durum wheat carries only two subgenomes (A and B), which limits the use of the D-subgenome genes and requires the expansion of the arsenal of dwarfing alleles and the study of their effects on height and agronomically important traits. We studied the effect of the gibberellin-insensitive allele Rht-B1p in the B2F2:3 families, developed by crossing Chris Mutant /#517//LD222 in a field experiment in Moscow and Krasnodar. In our experiments, plants homozygous for Rht-B1p were shorter than those homozygous for the wild-type allele Rht-B1a by 36.3 cm (40 %) in Moscow and 49.5 cm (48 %) in Krasnodar. In the field experiment in Krasnodar, each plant with Rht-B1p had one less internode than any plant with Rht-B1a, which additionally contributed to the decrease in plant height. Grain weight per main spike was lower in plants with Rht-B1p than in plants with Rht-B1a by 12 % in Moscow and by 23 % in Krasnodar due to a decrease in 1000 grain weight in both regions of the field experiment. The number of grains per main spike in plants with Rht-B1p was higher in comparison to that with Rht-B1a by 6.5 % in Moscow due to an increase in spikelet number per main spike and by 11 % in Krasnodar due to an increase in grain number per spikelet. The onset of heading in plants with Rht-B1p in comparison with the plants with the wild-type allele Rht-B1a was 7 days later in Krasnodar. The possibility and prospects for the use of Rht-B1p in the breeding of durum wheat are discussed.
The scheme of the winter triticale breeding at the National Center of grain named after P. P. Lukiyanenko provides for extensive ecological variety trials in various soil and climatic zones of the Russian Federation that makes it possible to reliably estimate the adaptability of promising breeding material and more reasonably and accurately select varieties for the State Variety Testing (Kovtunenko et al., 2017). The breeding material developed in the department of wheat and triticale breeding and seed production at the NCG named after P. P. Lukiyanenko (Krasnodar) was tested on the experimental plot of the KNIISKh, a branch of the FGBNU “PAFNTs RAS” in the SPOK “Agroniva” of the Tselinny district of the Republic of Kalmykia. The purpose of the current study was to identify the most highly productive breeding lines adaptable to local conditions and, on their basis, to develop new varieties. In the course of joint work begun in 1996, KNIISKh, a branch of the FGBNU “PAFNTs RaS” and the NCG named after P P Lukiyanenko (Krasnodar) developed highly productive joint varieties of winter triticale ‘Khongor', ‘Barun', ‘Bogdo' and ‘Khot'. In 2018 a new variety of winter triticale ‘Uralan', which meets the best world achievements in breeding, has been sent to the State Variety Testing. In 2019 at the Elista GSU, the productivity of the variety ‘Uralan' was 5.37 t/ha, exceeding the standard variety ‘Valentin 90' on 1.4 t/ha. In 2016, the productivity of the new winter triticale variety ‘Uralan' was 6.43 t/ha, which was the absolute maximum identified in the long-term ecological variety trials of this grain crop on the experimental plots of the KNIISKh, a branch of the FGBNU “PAFNTs RAS” in arid conditions of the Republic of Kalmykia. The current paper has presented the productivity data and investigated the feed advantages of the new winter triticale variety ‘Uralan' in 2017-2019.
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