Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) are high-energy particles ejected by the Sun which consist of protons, electrons and heavy ions having energies in the range of a few tens of keVs to several GeVs. The statistical features of the solar energetic particles (SEPs) during different periods of solar cycles are highly variable. In the present study we try to quantify the long-range dependence (or long-memory) of the solar energetic particles during different periods of solar cycle (SC) 23 and 24. For stochastic processes, long-range dependence or self-similarity is usually quantified by the Hurst exponent. We compare the Hurst exponent of SEP proton fluxes having energies (>1MeV to >100 MeV) for different periods, which include both solar maximum and minimum years, in order to find whether SC-dependent self-similarity exist for SEP flux.
It is suggested that physical properties of common elementary particles can be associated with microscopic Primordial Black Holes (PBH) which is inferred to have formed between 10−24 to 10−20 seconds from Big bang in the early universe. This is also found to be related to the phenomenon of Hawking radiation from these PBH. We have revisited the properties of minimons and maximons introduced by Markov [1] in this context. Planck particles which is inferred to form near Planck time (3.857 ×10−43 seconds) are identified as maximons with a mass √πmp where mp is the Planck mass. The minimons are associated with a PBH with Hawking temperature identical with the cosmic microwave background temperature of the universe. The mass of the minimons are found to be comparable to that of the lightest neutrinos (0.0185 eV). They also possess highest Compton wavelength (10−4 m) known for an elementary particle.
The Earth’s atmosphere is incessantly bombarded by energetic charged particles called cosmic rays (CR) which are having either solar or non-solar origin. Analysis based on information theoretic estimators can be effectively employed as a potential technique to analyze the dynamical changes in cosmic ray intensity during different solar cycles. In the present study, dynamical complexity based analysis using Jensen-Shannon divergence (JSD) has been employed which reveals the existence of some peculiar fluctuation properties in CRI flux at Jung neutron monitor station. JSD based dynamical complexity analyses confirm the existence of difference in dynamical properties of CR flux during solar cycles 20-21 and 22-23.
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