The grassland area of Romania covers over 4.8 million hectares, of which more than a half are located in upland areas. In the present research it has been studied the influence of organic fertilization on the productivity, vegetal canopy and fodder quality of the intramontane Depression of Vatra Dornei, from the North-Eastern Romanian Carpathians, at rates of 20-50 Mg ha-1, applied either on a yearly basis, or every two years. The purpose of this study is to underline the dynamics of productivity and phytocenosis biodiversity, due to the application of some practical, technical measures meant to improve the production and fodder quality of Nardus stricta L. permanent grasslands, with minimal effects on the environment. The organic fertilizer rates triggered changes in the canopy structure by reducing the percentage of Nardus stricta L species, from 70% to 14-31%, and increasing the percentage of legumes, as well as the productivity and fodder quality 5-30%, respectively.
This investigation examines the influence of fertilization with organic and mineral fertilizers on the biodiversity of grasslands containing Festuca rubra, Agrostis capillaris and Nardus stricta. Permanent meadows were studied in terms of production of food, and of biodiversity. The current strategy of using organic fertilizers has raised concerns about resource conservation and environmental protection. The increase in the number of species is due to the fertilizers that have been applied leading to changes in the soil fertility status. This change in soil fertility has allowed other mesotrophic and eutrophic species to become established in fertilized meadows. In Romania, meadows belonging to this category occupy an area of approximately 1,600,000 hectares and have relatively low production rates. The experiment was located at Pojorata, Suceava County (Romania), in two different natural grasslands that had different floristic compositions. Manure improved the growth of a number of species, especially in the "plants from other botanical families" category, because of the pool of seeds that it contains. Using a management system based on fertilization with small amounts of organic and mineral fertilizers can help preserve the biodiversity of these meadows. The results of this study, in an area considered representative for large parts of the mountainous areas of Romania, indicated that fertilization treatments were able to maintain a high species diversity.
The semi-natural grasslands in Romanian mountains are particularly important for the sustainable development of this region. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the effects of mineral and manure fertilization upon the sward in order to recommend certain versions which have minor repercussions upon the plant diversity. In this study, we examined the influence of organic and mineral fertilizers on the production, biodiversity and quality of green fodder. The experiment was set up in mountain grassland of Festuca rubra L. and Agrostis capillaris L., during five years. In the experiment was evaluated the effects of management treatments on productivity, biodiversity and quality of the forage grass. The rate applications of fertilizers determine the number of species and the rate of production. The small quantities of organic and mineral nutrients (10 t·ha-1 manure and 30 kg·ha-1 nitrogen) can lead to larger yields while at the same time, improving biodiversity conservation and the quality of forage. Using a low input-based management system can be a solution that will lead to higher yields and contribute to biodiversity conservation and the good quality of the forage. In conclusion the use of a fertilizer management regime based on small quantities of organic and mineral nutrients can lead to larger yields while at the same time, improving biodiversity conservation and the quality of forage.
In S.C.D.A. Secuieni conditions, during 2013-2014, were carried out researches on the structure of vegetation cover, at five mixtures of perennial grasses and legumes, under the influence of some nitrogen fertilizers on a phosphorus agrofond. The obtained results revealed that the share of grasses in mixtures decreases from I scythe to the III scythe, instead the proportion of legumes increased. By increasing the dose of nitrogen fertilizer the competitiveness capacity of grasses increase at the expense of legumes and different species.
ternative to intensive farming of industrial type, based on efficient production methods and means, in particular, economically. In accordance with the Council Regulation (EC) 834/2007 and Commission Regulation (EC) 889/2008, EU countries use, with the same meaning, the terms of organic agriculture (England), biological agriculture (Greece, France, Italy, Netherlands and Portugal) and ecological agriculture (Denmark, Germany and Spain). Since 2000, Romania has been using the term organic farming, according to the regulations stipulated in the Emergency Ordinance 34/2000. Organic farming emerged in Europe as a result of health problems and negative experiences caused by the use of synthetic chemicals generated by the intensive industrial technologies, based on the forcing of production by over-fertilization of agricultural land and the use of stimulators in animal nutrition. Organic farming is a dynamic sector that has experienced an upward trend, both in the plant and animal production sector. Respect for every living organism is a general principle of organic farming, from the smallest microorganism from the ground up to the largest tree that grows above. Because of this, each step of the ecological chain is designed to maintain, and where possible, to increase the diversity of plants and animals. Improvement of biodiversity is often the result of good practices of organic agriculture, as well as respect for the EU Regulation on organic agricultural production [39; 40]. 1.1. In the world Worldwide, nearly 31 million hectares are used for organic production, representing 0.7% of the total agricultural land. This farming system is practiced in over 633 890 farms [38]. The regions with the largest areas of organically managed agricultural land are Oceania (12.1 million hectares of 33 % of the global organic farmland), Europe (10 million hectares of 27 % of the global organic farmland) and Latin America (8.4 million hectares or 23 %). The countries with the most organic agricultural land are Australia (12 million hectares), Argentina (4.2 million hectares) and the United States (1.9 million hectares). The highest shares of organic agricultural land are in the Falkland Islands (35.9 %), Liechtenstein (27.3 %) and Austria (19.7 %). 1.2. In Europe According to the study of World of Organic Agriculture, seven of the first ten countries of the world, ranked by the percentage of the agricultural land cultivated in organic system, are in the European Union [38]. The area under organic agriculture has increased significantly in the last years. In the period 2000-2008, the total organic area has increased from 4.3 to an estimated 7.6 mio ha (+7.4% per year). The Member States with the largest areas in 2008 are Spain (1.13 mio ha), Italy (1.00 mio ha), Germany (0.91 mio ha), the United Kingdom (0.72 mio ha) and France (0.58 mio ha). As of the end of 2010, 10 million hectares in Europe were managed organically by almost 280'000 farms. The countries in central and eastern Europe, like Poland, with areas of over 367,000 hectares...
From previous studies, it was found that the most important pluviometric indicators which characterize the frequency, intensity and spatial distribution of drought in Prut River floodplain are the standardized precipitation index, Hellmann's criterion and Topor aridity index. Standardized precipitation index values between (-1.5) and (-1.0) indicates a high frequency of the moderate-dry periods and very dry ones reached 2.3 %. Autumn shows moderate -dry traits in 13.5% of the years and can be very dry only for 9% of the cases from 1979 until 2013. To forecast drought through the standardized precipitation index, it is estimated that if severe periods occur in autumn, will be extended throughout the winter period and for the whole next (year) growing season. A severe drought which began in autumn of 2011 remained throughout the winter until the next growing season (2012). To strengthen this study, a characterization of months using Hellman's criterion was carried out. The authors laid emphasis on the excessively rainy months and the excessively dry months, the latter had a higher weight. Topor aridity index results showed a dry substance in 1982, 1985, 1986, 1989, 1992, 1997, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011 and 2012 respectively. The incidence of droughts in the Moldavian Plain resulted in a sharp decrease in the runoff and the appearance of a drying -up phenomenon in the middle basin of Prut River. Rivers dried up at a frequency of 40 -50 % in river basins with a surface area of 15 -20 km 2 and over 90 % in river basins with areas less than 5 km 2 .
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