Two protein-coding regions (cytochrome b, ATPase 8, and part of ATPase 6) from mitochondrial DNA of Cottus kessleri, Cottocomephorus grewingki, and Cottocomephorus inermis--Baikalian endemic sculpins--were amplified via polymerase chain reaction, and sequenced. Two novel primers--L8352 (5'-TAAAGATTGGTGAC TCCCAACCACC) and H8773 (5'-GTAGGGAGT AAGCCCAATATGTT)--were used for the latter region. Phylogenies suggested by sequence divergence of the genes of ATPases appeared to be different from those computed from data for cytochrome b. The time of species branching was estimated as 1-2 million years (Myr) on the basis of merged sequences. Hence, members of the Baikalian cottoid species flock are much more distant from each other than members of the cichlid fish flocks of the great lakes of Africa (0.2 Myr). Topology of the phylogenetic tree does not contradict the relationships derived from morphological data. However, genetic distances suggest that C. grewingki and C. inermis are not sister species, contrary to general belief.
Discrimination Between Celery Cultivars with the Use of Rapd MarkersScreening of celery cultivars with random amplified primers is a way of avoiding mistakes in distinguishing similar genotypes. Six primers showed distinct polymorphism between the studied cultivars. The number of bands varied from 7 to 13. Suitable primers generated 52 markers of which 22 were polymorphic. A similarity matrix was created using Jaccard's coefficient. The group average method was employed to construct a dendrogram. Based on RAPD marker profiles the cultivars were grouped into three clusters coinciding with the cultivated types, var. dulce (salad celery), and var. rapaceum (turnip celery), var. secalinum (cutting celery). The salad celery entries were similar to plants of turnip celery with similarity 0.73, and the distance between genotypes of cutting celery and turnip celery was 0.68. Although only 12 cultivars have been analysed, the specific product amplified with OPX1 was observed in the three studied cultivars of cutting celery.
Objective — to study the character of liver function tests’ changes in patients with COVID — 19, assess the rate of their onset, their clinical and laboratory manifestations and degree of COVID‑19 effects on the liver function with the purpose to implement treatment and preventive measures. Materials and methods. The study included 120 medical records of inpatients with COVID‑19, hospitalized in the departments of Clinical Hospital № 8, reprofiled to the infectious wards in the period between November 2020 and April 2021. The most patients were aged 60 — 69 years (41.7 %) and older than 70 years (25.0 %), the minor portion was younger than 40 years (1.7 %); women prevailed (65.0 %). Results. The increased hepatic transaminases levels were revealed in 52 % of patients, and total bilirubin (especially indirect) was raised in 15 %. Higher transaminases levels, severe course of coronaviral disease and unfavorable prognosis were more common in male patients. Frequency of SARS‑CoV‑2 — associated liver injury with minimal grade of activity of liver transaminases prevailed in women older than 60 years and men aged 50 to 69 years. COVID‑19‑associated hepatitis with moderate activity was observed in women aged 50 — 69 years and men of working age (40 — 49 years) and elderly (> 70 years) patients, high degree of transaminases’ activity against COVID‑19 background was registered only in men aged 40 — 59 years with moderate to severe COVID‑19 course. Lethal outcomes due to severe pulmonary injury were registered in 19 patients with severe COVID‑19 course; they also had liver dysfunction. From them, 11 had diagnosed liver steatosis before COVID‑19. The most part of deсeased due to COVID‑19 were older than 60 years and had a history of comorbidities (type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary heart disease, non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver cirrhosis and 2 — 3 grade obesity). Conclusions. Hepatic impairment occurred in 52 % of inpatients with COVID‑19. All patients with moderate course of coronaviral disease demonstrated positive dynamics of transaminases and bilirubin levels and favorable prognosis after hospitalization due to COVID‑19. Most of them hadn’t had liver injuries before coronaviral disease and six patients had been diagnosed with liver diseases before COVID‑19. No cases of fatal liver failure were registered. After in‑hospital treatment, the transaminases levels were lower in patients, who hadn’t had history of liver diseases before COVID‑19 and received hepatoprotective drugs. Treatment with glutathione and ursodeoxycholic acid was confirmed as the most effective therapy in patients with coronaviral disease.
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