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Along with oxidation of hydrogen-containing coke structures, we have observed oxidation of compact accumulations of hydrogen-free coke and as a result we can quantitatively differentiate between outer-surface and intraporous burned coke, and the intraporous coke in turn can be quantitatively distributed over the different elements of the zeolite structures.Coke formation is a very important reaction accompanying all carbonium-ion conversions of hydrocarbons. In this case, the coke plays a dual role. In small amounts, it promotes the occurrence of the major reaction [1], speeding up the movement of hydrogen, as a primary ingredient in carbonium ion conversions in all its forms [2]. But when accumulating on the surface of the catalyst, coke blocks the active sites, necessitating the process step of oxidative regeneration. Therefore information is needed about the chemical composition of coke and its localization within the crystal structure of the catalyst. Such information is complicated to obtain because of the indefinite composition of coke at a specific instant of time and also difficulties encountered in extracting this substance in unaltered form from the catalyst, as much as the at least equal difficulties involved in studying it without extraction [3,4].Earlier [5], in a study of the kinetics of regeneration of single grains of coked zeolite by the microbalance method in a stream of oxygen-containing gas in the temperature range 350-510°C, some variability (periods of slowdown and acceleration) in combustion over time was observed at 350, 360, and 375°C, which may indicate oxidation of coke of different elemental compositions or coke localized differently in the zeolite structure.The method of discontinuous sequential micro-oxidation of coke [6] was developed recently, which makes it possible to determine some characteristic features of coke composition and coke localization in the structure of acid zeolite catalysts for different purposes: alkylation of isoparaffins by olefins, isomerization of linear paraffins, disproportionation of monoalkyl aromatic hydrocarbons to form benzene and dimethyl-substituted aromatics.Each of these catalysts is prepared differently: by modification of the original forms by replacing the native sodium cations by other cations [7] or by reducing the latter (for example, nickel cations) to the zero-valence state [8]. Methods for such modification have been sufficiently developed.Considerably less attention has been focused on dealumination of the outer surface of zeolite crystals to avoid formation of outer-surface acid sites while grafting acidity into the modified samples. Moreover, these sites, as the most accessible to reactant molecules, may play a dominant role in the occurrence of the corresponding reactions, including coke 198 0040-5760/09/4503-0198

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Two samples of pentasil hydrogen forms were obtained: an ordinary sample and a sample lacking surface acid sites. The samples were tested in the disproportionation of toluene over short and very short periods of contact of the reaction mixture with the catalyst layer. The primary conversion products were found to be para-xylene and ethylbenzene in addition to benzene.

The appearance of significant non-monetary trade in the Russian transition of 1992-98 has been differently interpreted by analysts and observers. Some have seen barter as a symbol of passive resistance to reforms while others have blamed reformist policies for its development. We argue that non-monetary trade is best understood as a natural response of companies to market imperfections remaining from Soviet times. We provide an overview of market institutions that existed at the onset of the transition and conclude that market infrastructure was under-developed (especially trade and finance-related institutions). This fact became obvious after the liberalisation of trade in 1992. When the Central Bank of Russia stopped issuing direct credit to enterprises, newly established commercial banks were unable to fill the gap. Firms had to develop alternative means of financing trade and non-monetary trade was one of them. In our opinion barter, while an inefficient mode of trade, also played a positive role in the transition. Its high transaction costs offered ample opportunities to earn profits from trade and financial intermediation. The latter mushroomed as a result and at the time of the 1998 default the Russian economy had sufficiently developed trade, financial and legal systems to afford a switch from barter to money trade.

The content of the Ukrainian national idea in the era of transition from industrial to post-industrial(informational) type of society is revealed. It is demonstrated that in the transition to a post-industrial society, thenational idea as a product of an industrial society requires a significant transformation. In a post-industrial society,the national idea should be focused on the production of post-economic values and active social regulation, themaximum use of the creative (creative) potential of members of the national community, the formation of anew type of family and new forms of social partnership, the increasing role of knowledge (scientific and parascientific)and changes in the education system. It is determined that the national idea, taking into account theetymology of the components of this construct, acts as a key idea in understanding the nature of the nation andthe prospects for its development.It is determined that the national idea must be understood in the context of the special conditions of lifeof the people throughout its history. It reflects the deep level of national consciousness, advocates all forms ofreflection of the nation (person) over issues of the essence of the national community and the meaning of itsexistence. Throughout its history, Ukraine has sought to build its own state on a democratic, legal and socialbasis and, having gained independence in 1991, these value dominants were entrenched at the constitutionallevel. At the present stage of nation-building, the key direction in the formation of a national idea is to determinethe optimal model that should underpin state-building – ethno-cultural or civic.It is proved that the Ukrainian national idea, having passed the difficult historical path of aging and formation,today requires substantial modernization, adaptation to the realities of the transitional society, civilizational,geopolitical, economic challenges of the 21st century. The national idea should take into account the changesthat occur in the social and economic structure of society, and incorporate into the body of the nation-buildingstrategy those goals and ways to achieve them that actualize post-material values, pay attention to the needsof self-development and self-improvement of the individual. The formula of the Ukrainian national idea isproposed, which consists of strategic and operational-tactical components, designed for different time periods– short, medium and long term. The strategic components of the modern Ukrainian national idea include theslogans ‘Ukraine is a conciliar, European, decent state and a nation’, ‘Equality of all citizens before the law,freedom of life strategies, respect for the national and cultural traditions of the Ukrainian people and ethniccommunities living on its territory’, ‘Democracy in all spheres of public life, the embodiment of moral standardsin social relations’. The operational-tactical components of the modern Ukrainian national idea include theslogans ‘Knowledge, information, movement (action)’.